As Clearly And Carefully As You Can - 1326 Words

Voluntarists and non-voluntarists have had intense debate on the issue of religion and morality. The underlying central argument of the debate is whether the morality requires a religious foundation or not. While the voluntarists claim that morality does require a religious foundation, non-voluntarists assert that it doesn’t. David Brink and George Mavrodes argues with this theme of voluntarist and non-voluntarist. My essay will largely focus on the strengths and weakness of both voluntarists and non-voluntarists associating with Mavrodes and Brink’s idea on this issue. Voluntarists are the people who insist that it is the will or the attitude of god that determines morality and its qualities, while the non-voluntarists argue that moral†¦show more content†¦What Brink argues is that if the natural properties of a situation determine its moral properties, then its moral properties can’t depend on god’s will. He further states that if voluntarism were true, then two situations could have different moral properties even if there were no natural differences between them, i.e. , if god’s attitudes to the two tokens of the same type were different, one system could be unjust, but an absolute same one of that system don’t have to be unjust. Therefore, the second argument against to the voluntarism is that voluntarism implies a rejection of supervenience of the moral properties of natural ones, which rejecting supervenience is counterintuitive and thus voluntarism has a counterintuitive implication. The third opposition is a substantive claim argument. This argument explains that if the god merely selects whatever he or she wants to be good or right, then when people say â€Å"God is good†, this notion becomes trivial and non-substantive. This argument implies that if voluntarism is true, then praise of god as good or right wouldn’t be meaningful. For example, we can pick our own grades for the work we had done but don’t consider their quality which are independent of our choice of grade. It would genuinely not count as substantive praise if one person says to another â€Å"you got an A. You did very well†. On the contrary, there are also arguments against non-voluntarism. To beginShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Mother Tongue Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesand style, in the sense that how you convey a message is just as important as the content of your statement. Tan’s essay examines the differences in how she communicates with her mother, and how she communicates with everyone else in her immediate environment. I find it interesting that you can find examples of her point right in the story. You can see that Tan focused her essay to be grammatically correct, and descriptive, so that the readers such as ourselves can interpret it. It’s clear that sheRead MoreEssay on Making Homemade Cupcakes804 Words   |  4 Pagesones birthday? Why don’t you make them something special? Take some time out of your day to make some homemade cupcakes. Making cupcakes yourself is cheaper than buying store bought cupcakes and you have the ability to make them anyway you want. The first thing that you will need to do is leave yourself about an hour and a half to spend in the kitchen. Once you have decided to make cupcakes, you need to gather your materials. You will need one box of cake mix that you have bought from the groceryRead MoreFactors to Consider When Choosing a Medium of Communication792 Words   |  4 PagesFACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL The purpose of communication is to get your message across to others clearly and unambiguously. It’s a process that can be fraught with error, with messages often misinterpreted by the recipient. To avoid tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity you have to consider factors before selecting a channel of communication. 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Sure, you can go to college to become a lawyer or a doctor and please your parents. But why bother with pesky physics and political science when there is a much more lucrative way to make a living, namely to become a reality TV star. Clearly, the marketplace alone is fitRead More1 Techniques for Answering English Paper1483 Words   |  6 Pagescertain facts are given, they serve as a mere guide. You are required to do at least three major things: 1. Use the right format for your writing 2. Include all the facts given in the question 3. 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The Basis Of Hume s Theory - 1398 Words

The basis of Hume’s essay is in regards to aesthetics, he offers his definition of the â€Å"standard of taste† from the standpoint of even the best critics. Throughout the essay, Hume reaches his conclusion by â€Å"both his characterization of the appreciative response and by his particular way of drawing the distinction between the subjective and the objective,† (Carroll). From the beginning of the essay, it is noticed that Hume’s theory is representative of a paradox. He states, â€Å"The great variety of Taste, as well as of opinion, which prevails in the world, is too obvious not to have fallen under every one’s observation,† (Hume 103). Taste and opinion are almost synonymous here, everyone has their own preference which is apparent when it comes time for judgement. The first portion of the paradox refers to the subjectivity individuals tend to place upon objects or works that are being viewed. Individuals holding a higher level of kno wledge towards the subject are further prone to have distinguishable tastes rather than someone with a lack of knowledge, while people that hold prejudices in their mind will be incapable of having an open mind. It is easy for someone to deem something as hideous if it is unfamiliar just as it is easy to be arrogant and possessive of what is known to be true. Furthermore, Hume elaborates on the importance of language, he â€Å"argues that much of the apparent agreement in aesthetic discourse is based on a linguistic mirage,† (Carroll). There are obviousShow MoreRelatedExistence Through Our Senses : Hegel s Theory Of Life1099 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Existence Through Our Senses Hegel’s argued that the creation of life is based on phenomenology and that the nature of life is based on our senses. He argues that it is more than just phenomena, it s complex phenomena.Without the mind, we would not have existed in the world and without knowledge we would not be able to survive.   Our body communicates with our mind and without our mind we would not be able to function , we would not be able to survive without knowledge eitherRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 Pagessocieties. Examples would be don’t cheat, don’t steal, and treat others as you would want to be treated. When dealing with the philosophers take on morality, there are two which are usually compared to one another, Immanuel Kant and David Hume. Immanuel Kant had many theories throughout his philosophical time. Here are some of his ethical works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Metaphys ics of Morals (1797), which contains both â€Å"the DoctrineRead MoreInto The Woods By Stephen Sondheim Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesdecisions that play a very important role throughout the play and the field of ethics. In fact, philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and David Hume– philosophers that extensibly contributed with ethical views regarding respect and dignity– may agree or disagree with the ethical decisions taken by the characters on specific instances. In fact, Kant and Hume have developed a set of views that determine what is right and wrong; very useful to decide whether or not the Baker’s decisions are ethicallyRead MoreAnalysis Of John Locke, George Berkeley And David Hume1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking assuming that all human knowledge arises originally from sense-experiences. 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As a rationalist Descartes supposed that this withstood identically for everyone, that all people have rational learned concepts

Cultural Anthropology Essay Research Paper IntroductionCultural Anthropology free essay sample

Cultural Anthropology Essay, Research Paper Introduction: Cultural Anthropology is a term that is in mundane lives and subjects. When one thinks of anthropology they think of the survey of old leftovers normally referred to as archeology. This, nevertheless, is non the lone signifier of anthropology. There are four types of anthropology and they are archaeology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and lingual anthropology. However, Cultural anthropologists are every where and analyze people of all walks of life. One can happen a subject and happen some type of survey that an anthropologist has conducted on the affair. The following are five articles that explain how anthropologists are every where. Section: Culture and Fieldwork Chapter: Corporate Anthropologists, page 24 Summary of Article: The article talked about how anthropologists play an of import function in the corporate environment. Anthropologists have been working with concerns since the 1930 s, nevertheless in the 1980 s this field experienced important growing. This was due to the globalisation of concern activity and the increased consciousness of the importance of civilization for concern, ( Laabs 24 ) . Cultural anthropology is the survey of bing people and corporations find this information utile in seeking to understand human behaviour within their ain organisation. Business anthropologists have been analyzing the corporate universe for old ages, on such varied subjects as how to promote more creativeness or how best to incorporate multicultural larning techniques into an organisation s preparation plan, ( Laabs 25 ) . Most anthropologists who work in the corporate environment do non utilize the rubric of anthropologist. There are presently over 200 anthropologists working in this field. The article so gave an history of one anthropologist s experience in the corporate environment. The article concludes by stating what corporations think of the value that anthropologists add to the companies and that the function will go on to turn. Anthropologist s Experience: The anthropologist that contributed to this article was Lorna M. McDougall. She works at Arthur Andersen s Center for Professional Education, which is located in St. Charles, Illinois. McDougall is analyzing why people from some civilizations learn best from talks, although others learn best through synergistic acquisition, ( Laabs 25 ) . McDougall has played a big portion in developing Arthur Andersen s Business English Language Immersion Training ( ELIT ) plan. This plan builds a linguistic communication accomplishment that allows for communicating between two parties where English may be a 2nd linguistic communication. This plan besides provides an consciousness of each civilization s concern moralss. The consequences of her work have helped teachers, who train Andersen advisers working in 66 states, be better instructors, ( Laabs 25 ) . McDougall is the first onsite anthropologist employed by Arthur Andersen and continues to be a great resource for the corporation. McDougall used an anthropological methodological analysis by listening in on schoolroom Sessionss and carry oning interviews. From the information that she gathered she noticed that people from certain civilizations are used to bipartisan communicating in the schoolroom, although others merely sit softly while the professor talks, ( Laabs 26 ) . McDougall besides teaches some of the direction development categories and besides contributes to the preparation categories. Her chief countries of concentration for anthropological survey include a technique where sometimes a direction squad proposes an thought and at other times she will suggest an thought. She has besides studied the significance of gestures and colourss for different civilizations. She discovered that white in some civilizations means matrimony and in others, white means decease. All her anthropological work has played a major portion in Arthur Andersen s company. My Experience: I did my presentation on anthropologists and the function that they play in corporations. Until late I was cognizant that civilization played a defining function in companies that participated in globalisation. I did non nevertheless know the function that anthropologists contributed to this subject. I late worked a Technological Symposium for my company and this was a immense event where people from all parts of the universe attended. It was at this convention that I learned that other civilizations do concern otherwise than Americans. It is non merely a linguistic communication barrier but a civilization barrier. I am besides cognizant of the work that anthropologists contribute to the development of web sites that are viewed worldwide. Comparison: The anthropologist s experience and mine are immensely different. She is rather a spot more experient in the subject of corporate anthropologists. However, she and I both realized that linguistic communication is non the lone barrier that corporations face when spread outing the operation globally. As the consciousness of this field becomes known it will go on to turn. Section: Culture and Food Chapter: Culture and the Evolution of Obesity, page 92 Peter J. Brown ( Human Nature, 1991 ) Summary of Article: The article provides a cross-cultural and evolutionary analysis of how both biological and cultural factors in fleshiness evolved. This analysis explains the sociological distribution of fleshiness today. It besides emphasizes that peripheral organic structure fat ( characteristic of adult females ) is a little wellness jeopardy compared to abdominal fat ( characteristic of work forces ) , ( Brown 92 ) . Anthropologist s Experience: Peter Brown, the anthropologist who wrote the article, gave his perceptual experience on fleshiness. He believes that an anthropological theoretical account of civilization has important advantages over the normally used uniform construct of environment for bring forthing hypotheses about behavioural causes of fleshiness, ( Brown 93 ) . Brown states that the job of fleshiness and corpulence is that today s industry thrives on the civilization belief about holding the perfect organic structure and sexual attraction instead on the medical position. Fleshiness and being overweight is non merely a psychological issue but a serious wellness issue. Brown claims that there are four facts about the societal distribution of society that must be addressed. They are: 1 ) The gender difference in the entire per centum and site distribution of organic structure fat, every bit good as the prevalence of fleshiness ; 2 ) the concentration of fleshiness in certain cultural groups ; 3 ) the addition i n fleshiness associated with economic modernisation ; and 4 ) the powerful and complex relationship between societal category and fleshiness, ( Brown 94 ) . He goes on to farther province that human biological science and behaviour can be understood in the context of two distinguishable procedures of development, ( Brown 96 ) . The two procedures are natural choice and historical alterations in the construction of cultural systems. Furthermore, Brown provinces Because the construct of civilization is seldom considered in medical research on fleshiness, and because I am proposing that this construct has advantages over the more common and uniform term environment, it is necessary to reexamine some basic facets of this anthropological term, ( Brown 97 ) . He provides a diagram that explains civilization in relation to fleshiness. He concludes that blubber is symbolically linked to psychological dimensions, such as self-worth and gender, ( Brown 99 ) but continues to province that this is non a consistent symbol. In some civilizations fatness symbolizes wealth and wellness. Last he concludes that civilization and its relation to fleshiness can be concluded practically and theoretically. First, acknowledgment of cultural fluctuation in beliefs and behaviours related to fleshiness demands to be incorporated into wellness plans aimed at cut downing the prevalence of fleshiness. The 2nd decision respects the demand for more research on the function of civilization, as it interacts with cistrons, on the etiology of fleshiness, ( Brown 101 ) . My Experience: As a adult female in today s American society I am really cognizant of the jobs and ballyhoo about fleshiness and corpulence. I am invariably seeking to lose weight or keep it. I am neer satisfied with the manner I look. Every where we look thin adult females are displayed on bases and corpulent and fleshy people are shunned. I personally consider person who is fleshy missing in sexual entreaty and assurance. The dilutant that I am the more desirable I feel. I know that other civilizations do non see fleshiness in this mode. For illustration I am certain that a individual in South Africa who is overweight is considered to be of great position. I merely hope that one twenty-four hours cipher will be looked at or judged on their weight. Comparison: I truly enjoyed the anthropologist s point of position on the fleshiness issue. The lone thing that I disagree with is that such of import issues such as binge-eating syndrome, anorexia, and other eating upsets were non addressed. In an article in which weight is discussed these issues go manus in manus. For every individual who is corpulent there are three that are contending an eating upset, and this is prevailing in all civilizations. Peter Brown merely one time touched footing on the dieting fad that floods the universe and this was really brief. Then he states that it is merely affluent adult females who are obsessed with dieting and this is improbably false. Section: Culture and Race Chapter: White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, page 134 Peggy McIntosh ( 1988 ) Article Summary: The article begins by the anthropologist explicating that work forces have privilege over adult females. Denials which amount to taboos surround the topic of advantages which work forces gain from adult females s disadvantages. These denials protect male privilege from being to the full acknowledged, lessened or ended, ( McIntosh 135 ) . Then the article returns to discourse how Whites, whether they realize it or non, have a considerable advantage over other races. She lists 26 ways that Whites have the upper manus. She so concludes with her personal analysis her experiences. Anthropologist s Experience: McIntosh explains that as a white individual she had been sheltered from the privileges that she had. I think Whites are taught non to acknowledge white privilege, as males are taught non to acknowledge male privilege, ( McIntosh 135 ) . She compiled a list of things that she encounters day-to-day that are a privilege to white people that may non come so easy to a individual of a different race. For illustration one point states that she can turn on the telecasting or open the front page of the paper and see people of my race widely represented, ( McIntosh 135 ) . She so claims that if all these points are true that we are non populating in a free state and that certain chances are available to Whites. She concludes by saying that she hopes that societal systems need to be redesigned. My Experience: I am a white female so I was able to put myself in the anthropologist s places. I grew up in an upper in-between category vicinity went to private school and I was still taught all about the different races. There is an full month dedicated to Black History in schools. Therefore, I experienced rearward favoritism, non a privilege for being white. When using for scholarships upon come ining college I was repeatedly turned down merely to see a fellow pupil of a different race, with lower classs, less academic activities, and lower rank receive the scholarship because of their race. Affirmative action allows for a less qualified campaigner to have the occupation so that the company can hold a certain figure of cultural people employed. There is a black Ms. America and a Black Ms. America, yet the former Ms. America was black. There are sororities that are specifically for peculiar races yet regular sororities can non know apart on race but the race specific 1s can. Comparison: The anthropologist and I have really different sentiments on being white. She claims that it is a privilege and that other races suffer, I strongly disagree with her. Where was her research done? Did she non look into such issues as rearward favoritism, affirmatory action, and the privileges that are granted to others based on their race? The article was wholly absurd. What was her footing for such an article? White people have to turn out themselves where as others have doors opened for them because of the manner our ascendants treated them. McIntosh needs to make a batch more geographic expedition into the subject. Section: Economy and Business Chapter: String sections Attached, page 143 Lee Cronk ( The Sciences, 1989 ) Article Summary: Lee Cronk discusses possible cultural misinterpretations that were involved in the creative activity of the unfortunate ( and racialist ) term Indian giver. These misinterpretations were violative to both Native Americans and Whites. Europeans thought that gifts should be freely given and that the gift is less valued when there are strings attached, ( Cronk 143 ) . Due to the before mentioned when anthropologists study gift giving rites they are more interested in the relationship between the giver and the receiving system than the existent point being given. The article makes several mentions to past state of affairss and gives several illustrations of anthropologist s point of position. Anthropologist s Experience: The anthropologist s experiences came from first manus cognition when seeking to give gifts to the people that they were analyzing. One anthropologist by the name of Richard Lee, from the University of Toronto, had an experience with the! Kung hunter-gatherers. He gave the folk an ox as a item of good will but all the! Kung did was kick about how scraggy the ox was. Merely subsequently did Lee learn, with alleviation, that the! Kung belittle all gifts, ( Cronk 144 ) . Harmonizing to the! Kung roasting gifts is their manner of decreasing the expected return and of implementing humbleness on those who would utilize gifts to raise their ain position within the group, ( Cronk 144 ) . Another illustration from an anthropologist was by Rada Dyson-Hudson, from Cornell University. Dyson-Hudson gave the Turkana s of Kenya pots, maize repast, baccy, and other points. Much to her discouragement it was less than appreciated. A typical response to a gift of a pot, for illustration, might be, Wher e is the maize repast to travel in this pot? or, Don T you have a bigger one to give me? To the Turkana, these are legitimate and expected inquiries, ( Cronk 144 ) . My Experience: As a kid and as an grownup the whole gift giving procedure is different. I can retrieve acquiring a gift and neer believing anything of it. As an grownup if I get a gift that is rather luxuriant I ever want to return a gift even better the giver. It is as if I want to one up the giver, as if it is traveling to do me a better individual to give the better gift. As a kid I remember having points from childhood friends and when a battle would happen the friend desiring the gift back, and this was referred to as Indian giving. Now as I get even older gift giving rites such as Christmas has become consumer warfare. I think that gift giving is a huffy subject in all civilizations. Comparison: The similarities between the anthropologist s experience and mine are astonishing. It merely goes to demo that gift giving is a procedure that will neer be to the full grasped no affair how much research is done on the subject. Section: Gender and Socialization Chapter: society and Sex Roles, page 159 Ernestine Friedl ( Human Nature, 1978 ) Article Summary: The article begins with the anthropologist giving two contrasting illustrations of the functions work forces and adult females play in different civilizations. Following this debut the thesis is given that the functions will neer be clearly defined every bit long as illustrations from other civilizations are used in the statement. The article continues to site illustrations about how work forces are the dominant sex because they are the huntsman s and supply the resources. Several illustrations of folks are given to back up his hypothesis that every bit long as work forces provide the resources than they will hold the upper manus. He concludes by saying that as adult females continue to derive places in functions that allow them to supply the resources than they will be able to do demands to alter the sex functions. Anthropologist s Experience: Friedl makes the statement that to understand society and its sex roles one must non flip illustrations from the universe s civilizations at each other like rational rocks, ( Friedl 160 ) . He states that the differences, biologically talking, can be clarified by looking at known illustrations of the earliest signifiers of human society and analyzing the relationship between the engineering, societal organisation, environment, and sex functions, ( Friedl 160 ) . Friedl claims that the factors in a society that cause male laterality demand to be researched because once these factors are understood than one can use this cognition to the changeless alterations in the sex functions due to the modern society. Through Friedl s observations he learned that The male monopoly on runing unites work forces in a system of exchange and gives them power, ( Friedl 161 ) . Womans do non run, I believe, because of four interconnected factors: variableness in the supply of game ; the different accompl ishments required forward hunting and assemblage ; the mutual exclusiveness between transporting loads and hunting ; and the little size of seminomadic forage populations, ( Friedl 161 ) . He besides believes that another ground are non the dominant sex is because it is hard to supply resources when one is pregnant. My Experience: I grew up in school larning about how adult females s functions in society have evolved over clip. I realize that adult females were non and still are non the dominant sex. This is partially because it is still hard for adult females to be in places of power. I one time tried for a place in a spirit organisation at Texas Tech University. It was a male organisation therefore I was declined rank. Even in dating the work forces pay, open the doors for the adult females, and play the dominant function. Comparison: I agree with Friedl in that the dominant sex is the 1 that provides the resources. His research was done by past observations and my experience came from personal experience in such countries as dating, work, and school. The times that I was unable to supply resources I was non dominant, but the times that I did supply the resources I had the upper manus. As we continue to turn as a society than adult females will be in such places of power and than possibly an equality between the sexes can be. My Favorite Article: My favourite article was the article titled White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack. This was because it is such a controversial subject that gets a rise out of me and makes my temper flair. I would truly wish to reason my point of position with the anthropologist that wrote the article. It is a subject that is highly controversial and will be about every bit long as there are people and different races. Decision: In decision, I now realize all the surveies and wide scope of subjects that are discussed by cultural anthropologists. They play an of import function in every twenty-four hours activities that I take for granted. Equally long as there are people and at the rate the universe changes there will ever be a demand for cultural anthropologists.

Media Representatin of Women in Sport free essay sample

Major Essay Current society is built upon stereotypes and constructions that are predetermined by previous generations’ views. One of the most recognised historical constructions is the patriarchal theory, that the female is subservient to the male. However, this construction of gender power is slowly equalising, with the rise of feminist groups in the latter part of the 20th century giving reason for this occurring. Nevertheless, gender battles are still occurring, particularly in the sporting industry, which remains male dominated. Female sport has been given much notoriety over their uproar in the past decade, but is finding in a male controlled industry it is difficult for women to receive help from governing bodies. Female sport is marginalised compared to male sport, largely due to the sexualisation of the athletes themselves. Professionally they are receiving very little media coverage in comparison to males and in an amateur sense; females are being stereotyped as a result of the images of ‘athletic’ sexualised women displayed in magazines such as Zoo, Sports Illustrated and Alpha. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Representatin of Women in Sport or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The media has evolved female sport into sexually appealing entertainment and doesn’t give the sports that have not been sexualised, enough coverage. (Maria Sharapova Bikini) The media have constructed their own image of what a female athlete ultimately looks like by posting images in their magazines, â€Å"characteristics favoured in visual media are those commonly associated with feminine beauty, such as smiling, unblemished skin, slender and toned physique, and long blonde hair† (Schell n. d. ). Maria Sharapova pictured below is the perfect example, and even though she isn’t the number one female tennis player and hasn’t been for some time, she is still one of the most popular and most followed players in the women’s circuit, she was the highest paid female athlete in the world come 2006, earning more from endorsements than prize money (Carr 2006). We see in Australia the sexualisation of sports like Netball, where women in the ANZ Championship wear skin tight, short dresses to play, making it appealing to male audiences. We often see at the Australian Open, similar length dresses or skirts that leave little to the imagination. Venus Williams sent the media into frenzy in 2010 with her skin colour underwear visible as soon as she moved around the court, to which she designed herself (Eurosport 2010). Tennis uniforms are becoming a fashion statement more and more every year, which is always judged by the media when someone wears something even slightly risky or sexy. Anna Kournikova was the pioneer in making tennis ‘sexy’ with her risque photographs in the magazine Sports Illustrated (Cover pictured below). Former tennis player and feminist rights activist Billie Jean King gave a response to the Anna Kournikova Sport illustrated photographs with this, â€Å"It doesnt bother me at all if some of the guys come out to watch womens tennis because they want to see a beautiful woman. Who could hold that against Anna? Still, its unfortunate when others with a high skill factor dont win the endorsements. Sure, the good-looking guys get more endorsements, but the difference in mens sports is that the ugly ones get their share, too. †(Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles 2000) In America, ‘sexploitation’ is taken to another level at a professional level, particularly in the sports of wrestling and in the gridiron league Lingerie Football League. In these competitions, females wear very little, going down to the bare minimum. Pictured below is an image of the Lingerie Football League, clearly the uniforms (Lingerie Football League 2009)(Anna Kournikova 2000) leave little to be desired, but are used to entertain to a male dominated audience. These sports are both considered to be female sports in their own right, but we also see the sexualisation of women in male sports, particularly in professional sides in the form of cheerleaders. Cheerleaders provide entertainment during the sporting breaks, which we often see during breaks in male sports, providing a view of females in general as sexual objects and inferior to the male ‘athletes’. So from our perspective it is clear that the media has constructed a view that the amateur female athlete must be ‘sexy’ in order to be able to succeed, we don’t read in magazines or see photographs of less attractive female athletes, they have excluded them for what in their mind is good reason, sex sells. However it is creating an unrealistic image of the perfect female athlete, they are not judged by how good they are at hitting, catching, shooting, running or jumping, but by how much they can get paid for taking their clothes off. (Caple, Greenwood Lumby 2010) Another cause for concern over female sport is that professionally they are not getting anywhere near enough media coverage and money as their male counterparts. The media cover male sport in far more depth; in fact a study in 2006 by South Australian Premier’s Council for Women found just 4. per cent of coverage was about female sport () and on Foxtel approximately 10 per cent was about female sport (Senate Standing Committees on Environment, Communications and the Arts 2006). The chart below shows the volume of news coverage that all the different sports receive, which not surprisingly shows Tennis as being pretty much the main female sport that is being covered, with very little else in comparison to male sport, even horses gain more exposure than females. So while females are being splayed all over the magazines in compromising poses and clothing, they receive very little coverage of them competing within their sports. So even though the â€Å"Australian women’s swimming team at the 2004 Olympic games secured more medals than their male counterparts. The women’s hockey team, the Hockeyroos have frequently dominated international competition, winning Olympic gold and international championships on many occasions. The Australian women’s netball team has won eight of eleven world championships†(Senate Standing Committees on Environment, Communications and the Arts 2006), we still don’t see these teams play, other than at major sporting competitions like the Olympic and Commonwealth games. The lack of exposure can be hurtful to professional female athletes, in an interview with former Australian netball player explains her pain, â€Å"’I went very close to an emotional breakdown’ Ellis said, describing a time when she was struggling to combine her work as a solicitor, a marriage and the daily demands of club training and competing for Australia. (Magnay 2006) So while professional male sportsman have sport as their only profession earning a large salary in doing so, most women who compete at the top levels of their sports don’t actually receive any payment for their services, or if they do, they definitely couldn’t live of it, so majority of them have normal day jobs, which in itself would be stressful, but in conjunction with family, training and games, they must lead extremely demanding lives, which hardly seems reasonable. The inability of female sport to be fully professional and given similar or equal coverage in the media leaves the representation of women very much being subservient in a male dominated industry. The representation of the ultimate female ‘athlete’ projected as a result of the sexualisation that has occurred in higher level sport today has created a flow on effect into the amateur level of sport. Solmon et al. (2003) found that college-aged women who perceive a sport as gender-neutral are more confident about participating than are women who identify a sport as masculine. †(Hardin and Greer 2009, 207) Which is a direct result from media exposure, they see sports on television almost every day; recognize that it is a male sport as the athletes are male and then deem it too masculine to try. There is also the issue of sexuality discrimination when a female becomes involved with sport; because we see the masculine sports on television, any participation in such by a female has become deemed as homosexual, constructed by our culture and media, â€Å"so when a female is called a ‘dyke’ or ‘lesbian’ in a derogatory manner, she may alter her actions and dress to be ‘more feminine,’ downplay her athletic talents, or avoid sport altogether†(Schell n. d. ). This has become a common problem with women’s amateur sport, particularly sports that are deemed to be too masculine for women to try such as cricket (Burroughs, Seebohm and Ashburn 1995, 29) and Australian Rules football (Hillier 2006, 18) that there is an automatic stereotype of being homosexual. The social construction that female participants are labelled as homosexual in male dominated sports is a media formed fallacy. The reason why this has occurred is that in past societies, homosexuality was frowned upon and when a female athlete is found to be a lesbian, then the media reveals it to the world, the stereotype builds. This happened to the Australian women’s cricket team in the opposite fashion when â€Å"it was reported that female cricketer, Denise Annetts, had been dropped from the Australian team and had alleged that her sacking was due to her heterosexual preference and marital status. †( Burroughs, Seebohm and Ashburn 1995, 29) This built the reputation than women’s cricket still holds to this day. Nowadays there has been a movement towards helping women’s sport grow more. There have been the new Australian digital television channels which allowed channel Ten to show Netball during the day on their channel ‘One’. ABC still broadcast lawn bowls and women’s Basketball fairly often, and just this year, channel Nine started broadcasting female Twenty20 cricket that was played before the men’s game. So there has been improvement in the coverage regard, however women across the globe are still victims of sexploitation, which is undermining the coverage solution because we are still able to receive the media’s representation of females in sport as marginalised and subservient to a male industry. Until this is solved and females stand up against this, then there is little chance they have in improving their image in the sporting industry. Reference List Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles. 2000. Sportsletter. 12 (1,2): 2009. Quoted in Messner 2002, 100. Anna Kournikova. Image. 2000. http://sportsillustrated. cnn. com/vault/cover/toc/9744/index. htm (accessed May 20, 2011). Australia. Senate Standing Committees on Environment, Communications and the Arts. 2006. About time! Women in sport and recreation in Australia. Volume 1. Canberra: Senate Printing Unit. Burroughs, A. , L. Seebohm, and L. Ashburn. 1995. Sporting Traditions. The Journal of the Australian Society for Sports History 12 (1): 29. Google. www. google. om. au (accessed 21 May 2011). Caple, H. , K, Greenwood and C, Lumby. Image. 2010. http://www. ausport. gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/356209/Towards_a_Level_Playing_Field_LR. pdf (accessed May 20, 2011) Carr, J. 2006. Maria Sharapova has become the sport’s most marketable icon. http://mariasharapova. wetpaint. com/page/Endorsements (accessed May 20, 2011). Eurosport. 2010. Australian Open Cheeky Venus outfit shocks crowd. http://uk. eurosport. yahoo. com/24012010/58/australian-open-cheeky-venus-outfit-shocks-crowd. html (accessed May 23, 2011). Hardin, M. , J. D. Greer. 2009. The Influence of Gender-Role Socialization, Media Use and Sports Participation on Perceptions of Gender-Appropriate Sports. Journal of Sport Behavior 32 (2): 207. Questia. www. questia. com (accessed 19 May 2011). Hillier, L. 2006. Safe Spaces: The upside of the image problem for same sex attracted young women playing Australian Rules football. International Journal of Football Studies 8 (2): 18. Google. www. google. com. au (accessed 21 May 2011). Lingerie Football League. Image. 2009. http://www. stuff. co. nz/sport/2834471/New-Lingerie-Football-League-under-debate (accessed May 20, 2011). Magnay, J. 2006. Women deserve sporting chance: Ellis. http://www. smh. com. au/news/sport/women-deserve-sporting-chance-ellis/2006/08/02/1154198205721. html (accessed 20 May 2011). Maria Sharapova Bikini. Image. n. d. http://www. dailybum. com/ (accessed May 20, 2011). Messner, M. 2002. Taking the Field: Women, Men and Sports. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Schell, B. n. d. (Dis)Empowering Images? Media Representations of Women in Sport. http://www. womenssportsfoundation. org/Content/Articles/Issues/Media-and-Publicity/D/DisEmpowering-ImagesMedia-Representations-of-Women-in-Sport. aspx (accessed May 20, 2011). Short Research Essay Reflection What strengths and weaknesses did you identify in your Short Research Essay? My short research essay was not quite as good as what I had hoped, the topic Sexual Abuse in Sport: With a focus on the AFL was too narrow, it was not a smart decision to give myself such a small focus, which basically narrowed myself down to Australian texts only, which wasn’t easy. I did find a fair arrange of resources, but perhaps didn’t utilise them as much, and just relied on my own theory. The need to rely on stereotypes and overuse of emotive language also hampered my essay. How did you use the tutor’s feedback to improve your work for the Major Essay? I firstly acknowledged the fact that my essay used too much emotive language and made it a conscious focus to not try and use it so much, to what effect I am not sure, it is a habit in my writing that needs fixing for the future. I also rewrote my whole essay, broadening the topic to women in sport, which meant I could find an array of sources. I also have cleared up my analysis and hopefully the referencing has improved. All in all I believe that this essay is a far improvement on the short research essay.

Image and Reality essays

Image and Reality essays Image and Reality In the years since the thousand days many questions have been raised and are still being studied about John F. Kennedy. A Life of John F. Kennedy: A Question of Character is a book written by Thomas C. Reeves, in which Reeves discusses these issues. JFK was a great man, and yet there are still some things that one must take into consideration. His morality was always somewhat of an uncertainty; be that as it may, these questions are still not openly discussed. People were always taken aback by his personality, good looks, and youth. After his death, it was quite difficult for most people to accept some of the newly discovered negative information about him. The man meant so much to some people that it was impossible to say something less than perfect. But all the same, facts can not be denied. While one may think that each is responsible for his or her actions, that is not always the case. Much of Jacks character develops and originates from his family. He applied these beliefs to his life as well as his presidency. His great grandfather Joseph Kennedys indifference toward people, and the will to do anything to get what he wants, helped to shape much of the character in the entire Kennedy line. Inferior treatment of women also originated from this source. The lacking of a sufficient background as well as a good role model helped shape much of Kennedys negative characteristics. This was reflected in most of his decisions, as a result. So therefore, diversity between Kennedys presidential appearance, and his private life of scandals, was unmistakable. His indifference to the values of proper judgement, unselfishness, and sincerity to his wife and work was also reflected in his ability to make thought out decisions. Though interesting enough, his greatest talent was the ability to manipulate himself well enough that it appeared as though he contained the quali...

Winning the Vote for Women Around the World

Winning the Vote for Women Around the World When did various nations give all women the right to vote? Many granted suffrage in steps some locales gave the vote for local elections first, or some racial or ethnic groups were excluded until later. Often, the right to stand for election and the right to vote were given at separate times. Full suffrage means that all groups of women were included, and could both vote and run for any office. 1850-1879 1851: Prussian law forbids women from joining political parties or attending meetings where politics is discussed.1869: Britain grants unmarried women who are householders the right to vote in local elections1862/3: Some Swedish women gain voting rights in local elections. 1880-1899 1881: Some Scottish women get the right to vote in local elections.1893: New Zealand grants equal voting rights to women.1894: The United Kingdom expands womens voting rights to married women in local but not national elections.  1895: South Australian women gain voting rights.1899: Western Australian women were granted voting rights.   1900-1909 1901: Women in Australia get the vote, with some restrictions.  1902: Women in New South Wales get the vote.1902: Australia grants more voting rights to women.1906: Finland adopts woman suffrage.1907: Women in Norway are permitted to stand for election.1908: Women in Denmark some women granted local voting rights.1908: Victoria, Australia, grants women voting rights.1909: Sweden grants vote in municipal elections to all women. 1910-1919 1913: Norway adopts full woman suffrage.1915: Women get the vote in Denmark and Iceland.1916: Canadian women in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan get the vote.1917: When the Russian Czar is toppled, the Provisional Government grants universal suffrage with equality for women; later the new Soviet Russian constitution includes full suffrage to women.1917: Women in the Netherlands are granted the right to stand for election.1918: The United Kingdom gives a full vote to some women over 30, with property qualifications or a UK university degree and to all men age 21 and older.1918: Canada gives women the vote in most provinces by federal law. Quebec is not included. Native women were not included.1918: Germany grants women the vote.1918: Austria adopts woman suffrage.1918: Women given full suffrage in Latvia, Poland, Estonia, and Latvia.1918: Russian Federation gives women the right to vote.1921: Azerbaijan grants woman suffrage. (Sometimes given as 1921 or 1917.)1918: Women granted limited voting rights in Ireland. 1919: Netherlands gives women the vote.1919: Woman suffrage is granted in Belarus, Luxembourg, and Ukraine.1919: Women in Belgium granted right to vote.1919: New Zealand allows women to stand for election.1919: Sweden grants suffrage with some restrictions. 1920-1929 1920: On August 26, a constitutional amendment is adopted when the state of Tennessee ratifies it, granting full woman suffrage in all states of the United States.1920: Woman suffrage is granted in Albania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia.1920: Canadian women get the right to stand for election (but not for all offices - see 1929 below).1921: Sweden gives women voting rights with some restrictions.1921: Armenia grants woman suffrage.1921: Lithuania grants woman suffrage.1921: Belgium grants women the right to stand for election.1922: Irish Free State, separating from the UK, gives equal voting rights to women.1922: Burma grants women voting rights.1924: Mongolia, Saint Lucia, and Tajikistan give suffrage to women.1924: Kazakstan gives limited voting rights to women.1925: Italy grants limited voting rights to women.1927: Turkmenistan grants woman suffrage.1928: The United Kingdom grants full equal voting rights to women.1928: Guyana grants woman suffrage.1928: Ireland (as part of the UK) expands womens suffrage rights. 1929: Ecuador grants suffrage, Romania grants limited suffrage.1929: Women found to be persons in Canada and therefore able to become members of the Senate. 1930-1939 1930: White women granted suffrage in South Africa.1930: Turkey grants women the vote.1931: Women get full suffrage in Spain and  Sri Lanka.1931: Chile and Portugal grant suffrage with some restrictions.1932: Uruguay, Thailand and Maldives jump on the woman suffrage bandwagon.1934: Cuba and Brazil adopt woman suffrage.1934: Turkish women are able to stand for election.1934: Portugal grants woman suffrage, with some restrictions.1935: Women gain right to vote in Myanmar.1937: The Philippines grants women full suffrage.1938: Women get the vote in Bolivia.1938: Uzbekistan grants full suffrage to women.1939: El Salvador grants voting rights to women. 1940-1949 1940: Women of Quebec are granted voting rights.1941: Panama grants limited voting rights to women.1942: Women gain full suffrage in the  Dominican Republic.1944: Bulgaria, France and Jamaica grant suffrage to women.1945: Croatia, Indonesia, Italy, Hungary, Japan (with restrictions), Yugoslavia, Senegal, and Ireland enact woman suffrage.1945: Guyana allows women to stand for election.1946: Woman suffrage adopted in Palestine, Kenya, Liberia, Cameroon, Korea, Guatemala, Panama (with restrictions), Romania (with restrictions), Venezuela, Yugoslavia, and Vietnam.1946: Women allowed to stand for election in Myanmar.1947: Bulgaria, Malta, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, and Argentina extend suffrage to women.1947: Japan extends suffrage, but still retains some restrictions.1947: Mexico grants the vote to women at the municipal level.1948: Israel, Iraq, Korea, Niger, and Surinam adopt woman suffrage.1948: Belgium, which previously granted the vote to women, establishes suffrage with a few re strictions for women. 1949: Bosnia and Herzegovina grant woman suffrage.1949: China and Costa Rica give women the vote.1949: Women gain full suffrage in Chile but most vote separately from men.1949: Syrian Arab Republic gives the vote to women.1949/1950: India grants woman suffrage. 1950-1959 1950: Haiti and Barbados adopt woman suffrage.1950: Canada grants full suffrage, extending the vote to some women (and men) previously not included, still excluding Native women.1951: Antigua, Nepal, and Grenada give women the vote.1952: Covenant on Political Rights of Women enacted by the United Nations, calling for womens right to vote and right to stand for elections.  1952: Greece, Lebanon, and Bolivia (with restrictions) extend suffrage to women.1953: Mexico grants women the right to stand for election. and to vote in national elections.1953: Hungary and Guyana give voting rights to women.1953: Bhutan and the Syrian Arab Republic establish full woman suffrage.1954: Ghana, Colombia, and Belize grant woman suffrage.1955: Cambodia, Ethiopia, Peru, Honduras, and Nicaragua adopt woman suffrage.1956: Women given suffrage in Egypt, Somalia, Comoros, Mauritius, Mali, and Benin.1956: Pakistani women gain the right to vote in national elections.1957: Malaysia extends suffrage to women.1 957: Zimbabwe grants women the vote. 1959: Madagascar and Tanzania give suffrage to women.1959: San Marino permits women to vote. 1960-1969 1960: Women of Cyprus, Gambia, and Tonga get suffrage.1960: Canadian women win full rights to stand for election, as Native women are also included.1961: Burundi, Malawy, Paraguay, Rwanda and Sierra Leone adopt woman suffrage.1961: Women in the Bahamas gain suffrage, with limits.1961: Women in El Salvador are permitted to stand for election.1962: Algeria, Monaco, Uganda, and Zambia adopts woman suffrage.1962: Australia adopts full woman suffrage (a few restrictions remain).1963: Women in Morocco, Congo, the  Islamic Republic of Iran  and Kenya gain suffrage.1964: Sudan adopts woman suffrage.1964: The Bahamas adopts full suffrage with restrictions.1965: Women gain full suffrage in Afghanistan, Botswana, and Lesotho.1967: Ecuador adopts full suffrage with a few restrictions.1968: Full woman suffrage adopted in Swaziland. 1970-1979 1970: Yemen adopts full suffrage.1970: Andorra permits women to vote.1971: Switzerland adopts woman suffrage, and the United States lowers the voting age for both men and women to eighteen by a Constitutional amendment.1972: Bangladesh grants woman suffrage.1973: Full suffrage granted to women in Bahrain.1973: Women permitted to stand for election in Andorra and San Marino.1974: Jordan and the Solomon Islands extend suffrage to women.1975: Angola,  Cape Verde, and Mozambique give suffrage to women.1976: Portugal adopts full woman suffrage with a few restrictions.1978: The Republic of Moldova adopts full suffrage with a few restrictions.1978: Women in Zimbabwe are able to stand for election.1979: Women in the Marshall Islands and Micronesia gain full suffrage rights. 1980-1989 1980: Iran gives women the vote.1984: Full suffrage granted to women of Liechtenstein.1984: In South Africa, voting rights are extended to Coloureds and Indians.1986: Central African Republic adopts woman suffrage. 1990-1999 1990: Samoan women gain full suffrage.1994: Kazakhstan grants women full suffrage.1994: Black women gain full suffrage in South Africa. 2000- 2005: Kuwaiti Parliament grants women of Kuwait full suffrage.

Individual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Individual report - Essay Example With reference to specificity and relevance to the specific aims of the project, it is identified that the project would be more concise with fewer objectives to focus on as the topic. Too much objectives within a project run the risk of overseeing some of the objectives leading to inaccuracies and lack of substantial conclusions (Berman, McCombs, & Boruch, 1977). Given the chance to retake the project, I would down size the current project objectives to five at most to ensure that each deliverable is achieved by focusing on specific explicit sources. However, the fact that the current project objectives are too many, the project is capable of suffering from support or evidence insufficiency. Trying to meet more than ten objectives in one project creates the risk of overlooking some while concentrating on one more than the other. Additionally, directing all the objectives into focusing into the same project is hard to achieve under normal circumstances. The practicality of a project denies the accommodation of too many tasks as these result to added finances, risks of running into various levels of challenges that have the potential to delay or hike the cost of executing the project. With reference to page 34 of the current project document, it is evident that the compiler of the document at this certain point did not consider grammar or proofreading the document a priority. With regards to this particular page, 34, it is evident that the compiler of the document did not consider TENSE and SPELLING to be a priority when compiling the document. For example, the last sentence of page 34 state that â€Å"Staff are not allow to edit the template to their owe preference† which projects high levels of human errors in the compilation of the document. With this in mind, the project runs the risk of being irrelevant to the very target group that it aims to inform and present findings to. Given the

Geography of water and energy resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Geography of water and energy resources - Essay Example Based on the reading of "Who Gets What From Imported Oil?" concerning the viewpoints on OPEC wealth and power, it can be ascertained that OPEC, being an international organization, is often regarded an economic association of the oil producing or exporting countries having the mission to increase the fixed income of its associated countries. The survey conducted by OPEC in the year 2012 highlights that the OECD countries are making more profits from oil taxation as compared to the nations of OPEC. The results of the survey also explained that the OPEC countries are earning revenues of $4,888 billion, whereas OECD countries are earning $5,553 billion from exporting oil. The outcome from this survey eventually reveals the prevalence of inefficiency in the functions of OPEC. It is worth mentioning in this regard that every country falling under OPEC fails to reset the value of crude oil, which in turn, creates huge differences in taxation (OPEC,

Comarative analysis of video games Essay Example for Free

Comarative analysis of video games Essay Introduction Pascal, after remodeling your house and adding a bonus/entertainment room, you mentioned that you would love to buy a new video gaming system. The last video gaming system that you owned was a Nintendo 64, which pales in comparison to the systems available today. Since owning a Nintendo 64, your experience with playing video games has been limited to playing MMORPGs (Massive Multi-player Online Role Playing Games) on your personal computer. I have been researching your options and am constantly considering your preferences and restrictions. Your primary preference is game genre, with your most preferred genre being Role-Playing. Several other genres that you are interested in are Action, Adventure, Platformers, and Strategy. Your only real restriction is a spending limit of $700 for your entire gaming setup. Other preferences that have been noted are the system’s Blu-Ray capabilities, and that the system targets a mature audience. The three most prominent video gaming systems on the market that fit your preferences are Microsoft’s Xbox 360, Nintendo’s Wii, and Sony’s Playstation 3. The following criteria are being used to evaluate your options. * Cost * Hardware Specifications * Games Offered * Target demographic * Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches * Movie-Playing Features The remaining contents of this comparative study will be organized into the several sections. RESEARCH DATA will be presented organized first by option and then by evaluative criteria. Each of the evaluative criteria will be compared in the RESULTS section by showing the results for each option side-by-side. These results will be totaled and a final CONCLUSION will be made. Finally, I will make a RECOMMENDATION as to the most appropriate course of action. Research Data Microsoft Xbox 360 Cost: $199. 99 – includes a 4GB console with built-in wi-fi, one wireless controller, A/V cables, and a one-month subscription to Xbox LIVE Gold. Hardware Specification: The following table shows vital hardware specifications that are important to your gaming preferences. Table 1. 1: Xbox 360 Hardware Specification * Media Type| * DVD| * CPU| * 3. 2 GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon| * Internal Memory| * 4 GB Flash| * RAM| * 512 MB| * Online Services| * Xbox Live| * Online Multi-Player Services| * Yes| * Connector Types| 1 x AV cable port,5 x USB 2. 0, 1 x Kinect port,1 x HDMI output1 x SPDIF output,1 x Ethernet| * * Games Offered: The following table shows how many Xbox 360 games are offered in your three most preferred genres. Table 1. 2: Xbox 360 Total Games in Preferred Genres Genre| Titles Available| Action| 563| Role-Playing| 108| Strategy| 48| The following images show compiled game review scores by genre to show which console does best for several preferable genres. The results have been split into two types for each console. The lighter shaded color bars show the average score for all games for the specified system in that genre. The darker shaded color bars show the average score of just the top 5 best-scoring games in that genre for the specified system. Graph 1. 1: Role-Playing Games Bar Graph Graph 1. 2: Adventure Games Bar Graph Graph 1. 3: Platformer Games Bar Graph Target Demographic: The target demographic of the Xbox 360 is most easily identified and quantified by looking at the ESRB ratings of the most popular game titles. The following is a list of the number of Xbox 360 titles offered for each ESRB game rating. EVERYONE 303 Titles rated E (Everyone) have content that may be suitable for ages 6 and older. Titles in this category may contain minimal cartoon, fantasy or mild violence and/or infrequent use of mild language. EVERYONE 10+ 213 Titles rated E10+ (Everyone 10 and older) have content that may be suitable for ages 10 and older. Titles in this category may contain more cartoon, fantasy or mild violence, mild language and/or minimal suggestive themes. TEEN 535 Titles rated T (Teen) have content that may be suitable for ages 13 and older. Titles in this category may contain violence, suggestive themes, crude humor, minimal blood, simulated gambling, and/or infrequent use of strong language. MATURE 491. Titles rated M (Mature) have content that may be suitable for persons ages 17 and older. Titles in this category may contain intense violence, blood and gore, sexual content and/or strong language. RATING PENDING 149 Titles listed as RP (Rating Pending) have been submitted to the ESRB and are awaiting final rating. (This symbol appears only in advertising prior to a games release. ) Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches: The ten most common hardware malfunctions and glitches for the Xbox 360 are as follow: * 3 red flashing lights, also known as â€Å"Red Ring of Death† * Open tray and/or disc error messages. * No video or only audio * DVD laser replacement * DVD drive replacement * System freezes, dotted video or similar issues * 1 red light, E74 * 2 red lights * Stuck DVD tray * White screen Most of these issues must be dealt with by professionals and will be costly. Self-repair is a possibility, but is not recommended. Most systems run into issues eventually, but the Xbox runs into hardware problems more frequently than the other options. Movie-Playing Features: The Xbox 360 is capable of playing the following types of multimedia discs (list does not include Blu-Ray): * Xbox 360 Discs * Xbox 1 Discs * DVDs * CDs * DVD-R * DVD+R. * DVD-RW * DVD+RW * CD-R * CD-RW * Dual Discs Nintendo’s Wii Cost: $149. 99 – includes one remote controller, one nun chuck controller, one wheel controller, one sensor bar, and Mario Kart for Wii. Hardware Specification: The following table shows vital hardware specifications that are important to your gaming preferences. Table 1. 3: Wii Hardware Specification * Media Type| * Flash Memory Card, * Nintendo Wii Disc, * Nintendo GameCube Disc| * CPU| * 729 MHzIBM PowerPC â€Å"Broadway†| * Internal Memory| * 512 MB| * RAM| * 512 MB| * Online Services| * Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, WiiConnect24,| * Online Multi-Player Services| * Yes|. * Connector Types| (4 pin USB Type A),4 x Game controller,Component video output,Composite video output,S-Video output,2 x USB| * Games Offered: The following table shows how many Wii games are offered in your three most preferred genres. Table 1. 4: Wii Total Games in Preferred Genres Genre| Titles Available| Action| 593| Role-Playing| 33| Strategy| 32| Also, see the graphics and information in the section Microsoft’s Xbox 360 – Games Offered. Target Demographic: The target demographic of the Nintendo Wii is most easily identified and quantified by looking at the ESRB ratings of the most popular game titles. The following is a list of the number of Wii titles offered for each ESRB game rating. EVERYONE – 916 Titles rated E (Everyone) have content that may be suitable for ages 6 and older. Titles in this category may contain minimal cartoon, fantasy or mild violence and/or infrequent use of mild language. EVERYONE 10+ 355 Titles rated E10+ (Everyone 10 and older) have content that may be suitable for ages 10 and older. Titles in this category may contain more cartoon, fantasy or mild violence, mild language and/or minimal suggestive themes. TEEN 374. Titles rated T (Teen) have content that may be suitable for ages 13 and older. Titles in this category may contain violence, suggestive themes, crude humor, minimal blood, simulated gambling, and/or infrequent use of strong language. MATURE 57 Titles rated M (Mature) have content that may be suitable for persons ages 17 and older. Titles in this category may contain intense violence, blood and gore, sexual content and/or strong language. RATING PENDING 61 Titles listed as RP (Rating Pending) have been submitted to the ESRB and are awaiting final rating. (This symbol appears only in advertising prior to a games release. ) Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches: Three common hardware malfunctions and Glitches for the Wii console are as follows: * Power Supply Issue * WiConnect 24 Issue * Dual Layer Wii Disc Problem All of these minor issues are covered by warranty and do not occur on the same scale as other video gaming system. The most common issue relating to the Wii system occurs when an excess of light interferes with the Wii Remote. Movie-Playing Features: The Nintendo Wii is only capable of playing Wii and GameCube discs and doesnot support the playing of DVD or Blu-Ray Discs. Sony’s Playstation 3 Cost: $299. 99 – Includes access to the Playstation Network at no charge, 160GB harddrive, and one wireless controller. Hardware Specification: The following table shows vital hardware specifications that are important to your gaming preferences. Table 1. 5: Playstation 3 Hardware Specificaton * Media Type| * Blu-Ray| * CPU| * 3. 2 GHz IBM Cell Broadband Engine (8-core)| * Internal Memory| * 160 GB HDD| * RAM| * 256 MB XDRAM| * Online Services| * Playstation Network| * Online Multi-Player Services| * Yes|. * Connector Types| 2 x USB,1 x Ethernet,1 x HDMI output,1 x PlayStation 3 AV output,1 x SPDIF output| * Games Offered: The following table shows how many Playstation 3 games are offered in your three most preferred genres. Table 1. 6: Playstation 3 Total Games in Preferred Genres Genre| Titles Available| Action| 536| Role-Playing| 117| Strategy| 33| Also, see the graphics and information in the section Microsoft’s Xbox 360 – Games Offered. Target Demographic: The target demographic of the Playstation 3 is most easily identified and quantified by looking at the ESRB ratings of the most popular game titles. The following is a list of the number of Playstation 3 titles offered for each ESRB game rating. EVERYONE – 481 Titles rated E (Everyone) have content that may be suitable for ages 6 and older. Titles in this category may contain minimal cartoon, fantasy or mild violence and/or infrequent use of mild language. EVERYONE 10+ 186 Titles rated E10+ (Everyone 10 and older) have content that may be suitable for ages 10 and older. Titles in this category may contain more cartoon, fantasy or mild violence, mild language and/or minimal suggestive themes. TEEN 529. Titles rated T (Teen) have content that may be suitable for ages 13 and older. Titles in this category may contain violence, suggestive themes, crude humor, minimal blood, simulated gambling, and/or infrequent use of strong language. MATURE 373 Titles rated M (Mature) have content that may be suitable for persons ages 17 and older. Titles in this category may contain intense violence, blood and gore, sexual content and/or strong language. RATING PENDING 145 Titles listed as RP (Rating Pending) have been submitted to the ESRB and are awaiting final rating. (This symbol appears only in advertising prior to a games release.) Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches: The five most common Playstation 3 hardware malfunctions and glitches are as follows: * Yellow light of death (3 red light beeps) * Not reading games/blu-rays * No video * Stuck discs * No power Doing self-repair is very difficult on the Playstation 3 is highly discouraged. Most of these issues are not easy fixes and require the replacement of key components. Movie-Playing Features: The Playstation 3 is capable of playing the following types of multimedia discs (list includes Blu-Ray): * Playstation 1,2, and 3 Discs. * Blu-Ray Discs * DVDs * CDs * DVD-R * DVD+R * DVD-RW * DVD+RW * CD-R * CD-RW * Dual Discs RESULTS Comparing Costs The following table shows your three options with their prices and a ranking based on affordability. Table 1. 7: Comparing Costs Option| Cost| Ranking (1-Best Option)| Microsoft’s Xbox 360| $199. 99| 2| Nintendo’s Wii| $149. 99| 1| Sony’s Playstation 3| $299. 99| 3| BEST OPTION: All Because you have already identified that your spending limit is $700 for a gaming setup, none of these options go against your cost preference. Cost is not a preventative factor in purchasing a video gaming system based on this information. However, if you decide that you would like to readjust your spending limit given the substantial difference between your limit and the prices of the systems, the Wii is your best option. Comparing Hardware Specifications The table below lists the hardware specifications for each option, and also includes the online capabilities of each system and their respective networks. Table 1. 8: Comparing Hardware Specifications | Options| Hardware Specification| Xbox 360| Wii| Playstation 3|. * * Media Type| * * DVD| * * Flash Memory Card, * Nintendo Wii Disc, * Nintendo GameCube Disc| * * Blu-Ray| * * CPU| * * 3. 2 GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon| * * 729 MHzIBM PowerPC â€Å"Broadway†| * * 3. 2 GHz IBM Cell Broadband Engine (8-core)| * * Internal Memory| * * 4 GB Flash| * * 512 MB| * * 160 GB HDD| * * RAM| * * 512 MB| * * 512 MB| * * 256 MB XDRAM| * * Online Services| * * Xbox Live| * * Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, WiiConnect24,| * * Playstation Network| * * Online Multi-Player Services| * * Yes| * * Yes| * * Yes| * * Connector Types| 1 x AV cable port,5 x USB 2. 0, 1 x Kinect port,1 x HDMI output1 x SPDIF output,1 x Ethernet| (4 pin USB Type A),4 x Game controller,Component video output,Composite video output,S-Video output,2 x USB| 2 x USB,1 x Ethernet,1 x HDMI output,1 x PlayStation 3 AV output,1 x SPDIF output| * Ranking| 1| 3| 2| BEST OPTION: Microsoft’s Xbox 360 Because your preference is to play online Role-Playing Games, the focus of the hardware specification criterion has to be online capabilities. When it comes to online game-play, Xbox 360 has the technical specifications to make it the best option. One of the most important specifications in a system is its processor speed. The Xbox 360 boasts a 3. 2 GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon processor, which is the same speed as the Playstation 3, but far superior to the Wii. When it comes to intense online game play with potentially dozens of other players, it is important to have a processor that can keep up. To keep the whole system running smoothly and minimize lag time, it is also important to have a substantial amount of RAM. The Xbox 360 and Playstation 3 have 512 MB or RAM, while the Wii only has 256 MB. At this point, the Xbox and Playstation 3 are nearly equal in terms of specifications that lean toward online gaming. What really pushes the Xbox 360 in the lead is their network: Xbox Live. As of 2011, Xbox Live has over 30 million users worldwide. Most of the games that are played on the Xbox Live network are geared toward your gaming preference of Role-Playing and Adventure games. However, due to the massive size of the network and the sheer number of users, even a less popular category like Strategy is available for multi-player gaming. According to Michael McNeilly, an experienced Xbox 360 online gamer, â€Å"There is really nothing like the Xbox Live network out there. The network for PS3 is okay, but it isn’t nearly as big and has a lot of bugs that still haven’t been worked out. † Michael Mcneilly has played all of the other systems extensively, but due to his love for online gaming, he chose the Xbox 360. Ralph Jones, an avid Wii owner and player, explained to me that he really has no need to play online. He mostly enjoys the physical nature of the Wii’s gameplay, and doubts that the Wii is even capable of serious online gaming. According to Kyle Johnson, an avid gamer and owner of all three options, the Wii is not a competitive option in terms of online gaming. When asked about the Playstation 3 and its online gaming community, Kyle explained that there is a reason that the Playstation Network does not have a subscription fee. It is not adequate when compared to Xbox Live, and the number of users sometimes makes it hard to play the less popular games online. Clearly, the Xbox 360 offers the best of both worlds. It has a massive online gaming community and also boasts a powerful 3. 2 GHz processor. With processor speed and RAM that are equal to the Playstation 3 and far superior to the Wii, the Xbox Live community is what gives the Xbox 360 the top ranking and makes it the best option in terms of hardware specification. Comparing Games Offered Table 1. 9 lists a calculated average of the two figures previously provided in graphs 1. 1, 1. 2, and 1. 3. These figures were mean game-review scores of all games in three genres, and mean scores of the top-five best-selling games for the three genres. Table 1. 9: Comparing Games Offered pt. 1 | Options|. Genre| Xbox 360| Wii| Playstation 3| Role-Playing Games| 79. 4| 72. 7| 71. 75| Adventure Games| 76. 1| 76. 7| 77. 9| Platformer Games| 76. 2| 72. 2| 76. 2| Ranking| 1| 3| 2| Table 1. 10 shows how many games are available for each system in your most preferred genre: Role-Playing Games. Table 1. 10: Comparing Games Offered pt. 2 | Options| Genre| Xbox 360| Wii| Playstation 3| Role-Playing Games| 108| 33| 117| Ranking| 2| 3| 1| BEST OPTION: Microsoft’s Xbox 360 Based on the averages found for all five relevant genres, the Xbox 360 is the best option for the Games Offered criterion. Even though the Playstation 3 has a slightly higher total number of Role-Playing Games available for sale, it does not outweigh the fact that the Xbox 360 scored significantly higher on overall game-review scores. It is generally more important to have higher-rated games than a greater quantity of lower-rated games. For this reason, the Xbox 360 is the best choice for the Games Offered criterion. Comparing Target Demographic Table 1. 11 displays your three options and the total number of ratings received for each rating category out of all games available for each system. Table 1. 11: Comparing Target Demographic. | Options (Number of Ratings)| Rating| Microsoft’s Xbox 360| Nintendo’s Wii| Sony’ Playstation 3| Everyone| 303| 916| 481| Everyone 10+| 213| 355| 186| Teen | 535| 374| 529| Mature| 491| 57| 373| Rating Pending| 145| 61| 145| Ranking| 1| 3| 2| BEST OPTION: Microsoft’s Xbox 360 Based on all of the games available for each gaming system, the Xbox 360 has the most games with ratings in the Mature and Teen categories. Since you, Pascal, are an adult and prefer the types of games that are most commonly rated Teen and Mature, the Xbox 360 gets the top rank for the Target Demographic criterion. Sony’s Playstation 3 comes in second with a comparable number of games in the Teen and Mature rating categories, but they are not quite as high as the Xbox 360. Nintendo’s Wii has least number of ratings in each of those categories. The Wii has a staggeringly low number of games in the Mature category at 57, and roughly 150 less games in the Teen category than the Xbox 360 and Playstation 3. This makes it clear that the Xbox 360 is geared toward an adult audience, and will likely have more games that suit the preferences of an adult. The Playstation 3 is a close second, but still offers significantly less games in the Mature category. The Wii seems to be geared toward a younger, less mature audience, and will likely have the least number of games that will fit your preferences. With all of this considered, it is clear that the Xbox 360 is the best option for the Target Demographic criterion. Comparing Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches Table 1. 11 shows all of the common hardware malfunctions and glitches for each option. This table also assigns a ranking (1 being the system with the overall least severe hardware problems relative to the other options). Table 1. 12: Comparing Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches | Options|. | Microsoft’s Xbox 360| Nintendo’s Wii| Sony’s Playstation 3| Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches| *Complete System Crash – â€Å"Red Ring of Death†*Basic Hardware Failure (eg. DVD tray and laser failure)| *Power Supply Issue*WiConnect24 Issue*Dual-Layer Wi Disc Failure| *Complete System Crash –â€Å"Yellow Lights of Death†| Ranking| 2| 1| 3| BEST OPTION: Nintendo’s Wii Based on this table and other research, I have identified Nintendo’s Wii as your best option for the Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches criterion. Even though the Wii does run into problems occasionally, they are rarely as severe as they are with the other options. All of the problems listed for the Wii are covered by warranty and are not worthy of complete system replacement. Alternatively, the Xbox 360 and Playstation 3 both commonly run into full system crashes, which render the system unusable. Kyle Johnson, an avid gamer and owner of all three options, has never run into a problem with his Wii, but has experienced full system crashes on both his Xbox 360 and Playstation 3. The only reason the Xbox 360 is ranked higher than the Playstation 3 is because self-repair on the Playstation 3 is strongly discouraged. Kyle Johnson and Michael McNeilly have both performed minor repairs on their Xbox 360’s, but have never dared to open up their Playstation 3’s. With all things considered, Nintendo’s Wii is the best option for the Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches criterion. Comparing Movie-Playing Features Table 1. 13 below shows all of the media discs played by each option, and whether or not that option satisfies your preference of having a built-in Blu-Ray player. Table 1. 13: Comparing Movie-Playing Features | Options| | Xbox 360| Wii| Playstation 3| Media Discs Played| * Xbox 360 Discs * Xbox 1 Discs * DVDs * CDs * DVD-R * DVD+R * DVD-RW * DVD+RW * CD-R * CD-RW * Dual Discs | * Wii Discs * GameCube Discs| * Playstation 1,2, and 3 Discs * Blu-Ray Discs * DVDs * CDs * DVD-R * DVD+R * DVD-RW * DVD+RW * CD-R * CD-RW * Dual Discs | Satisfies Preference? | No| No| Yes| Ranking| 2| 3| 1| BEST OPTION: Sony’s Playstation 3 Based on the media discs that each option offers, Sony’s Playstation 3 is the obvious choice for the top rank in the Movie-Playing Features criterion. The Playstation 3 is capable of playing both DVDs and Blu-Rays, while the Xbox. 360 is only capable of playing DVDs. The Nintendo Wii, however, cannot even play DVDs. Because you have identified that you prefer a video gaming system that has a built-in Blu-Ray player, the Playstation 3 is the best option for the Movie-Playing Features criterion. CONCLUSIONS Table 1. 14 lists the rankings of each of the six evaluative criteria used throughout this report. In order to come to an overall conclusion as to which option to select, I have assigned reversed point values to the previously determined rankings. If, for instance, an option received a ranking of 1, it would be valued a 3. A ranking of 2 receives a value of 2, and a ranking of 3 is valued a 1. The total number of points will be shown at the bottom of the table along with the final ranking. The video gaming system with the highest number of points will be ranked as 1 and will be your best option. Table 1. 14: Overall Ranking | Options| Evaluative Criteria| Xbox 360| Wii| Playstation 3| Cost| 1| 1| 1| Hardware Specification| 1| 3| 2| Games Offered| 1| 3| 2| Target Demographic| 1| 3| 2| Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches| 2| 1| 3| Movie-Playing Features| 2| 3| 1| Total Points| 16| 10| 13| Overall Ranking| 1| 3| 2| RECOMMENDATIONS. It has been determined that Microsoft’s Xbox 360 is the best option, and I would like to recommend to you several retailers where it is available for purchase. The price is universal when bought new, but may vary depending on bundling and other promotions. I have prepared a table showing three popular retailers, the nearest location, and the price of the Xbox 360 4GB system. Table 1. 15: Retail Locations and Price Retailers and Locations| Price| GameStop(425) 895-833116475 NE 74TH STRedmond, WA 98052| $199. 99| Target(425) 482-641013950 NE 178th PlWoodinville, WA 98072| $199. 99| Walmart(425) 741-94451400 164Th St SwLynnwood, WA 98087| $199. 99| Throughout my research I began to realize that the final outcome would depend heavily on how much any criterion was valued. Based on your personal preferences, the best choice is the Xbox 360. However, if you decided that you valued having a Blu-Ray player above everything else, then the Playstation 3 would be the best option. If you decided that the only way to play Role-Playing Games was to use a remote and a nun chuck, then the Wii would be the best choice. It all depends on the valuing of any particular criterion. If you are interested in doing further research, the bibliography lists all sources used. My personal interviewees may be available if you would like to ask them questions, and all of my other sources have a variety of useful and reliable information. Based on everything I have learned from this report and my personal experience with the system, I believe that the Xbox 360 is the best choice for a video gaming system. Bibliography Console at Nintendo Wii. Nintendo Wii Console. Web. 07 Aug. 2011. Dotree, Phil. 3 Common Wii Technical Problems. Associated Content from Yahoo! Associatedcontent. com. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. ESRB Ratings Guide and Definitions. Entertainment Software Rating Board. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. How to Fix Common Xbox 360 Problems: Same Day Repairs, Low Prices. Same-day Xbox Repair. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. Johnson, Kyle. Owns All Three Options, Personal interview. 29 July 2011. Jones, Ralph. Wii Owner, Personal interview. 30 July 2011. McNeilly, Michael. Xbox 360 Owner, Personal Interview. 30 July 2011. Microsoft Xbox 360 Slim Specs (4GB) Consoles CNET Reviews. Product Reviews Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews More CNET Reviews. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. Nintendo Wii Specs (original, Wii Sports Bundle) Consoles CNET Reviews. Product Reviews Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews More CNET Reviews. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. PlayStation 3 160 GB System. PlayStation PS3. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. Playstation 3 Search GameStop. Games for PS3. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. Sony PlayStation 3 Slim Specs (160GB) Consoles CNET Reviews. Product Reviews Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews More CNET Reviews. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. Towell Justin, Games Radar UK, â€Å"Which console does best and worst in each genre? † 09 Aug. 2011. Wii Search GameStop. Games for Wii. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. Xbox 360 4GB Console Xbox. com. Xbox 360 Official Site Xbox. com. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. Xbox 360 Game Search GameStop. Games for Xbox 360. Web. 04 Aug. 2011.   [ 1 ]. Xbox 360 4GB Console Xbox. com. Xbox 360 Official Site Xbox. com. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 2 ]. Microsoft Xbox 360 Slim Specs (4GB) Consoles CNET Reviews. Product Reviews Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews More CNET Reviews. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 3 ]. Xbox 360 Game Search GameStop. Games for Xbox 360. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 4 ]. Towell Justin, Games Radar UK, â€Å"Which console does best and worst in each genre? † 09 Aug. 2011. [ 5 ]. Towell [ 6 ]. Towell [ 7 ]. Towell [ 8 ]. Towell. [ 9 ]. Towell [ 10 ]. GameStop [ 11 ]. GameStop [ 12 ]. ESRB Ratings Guide and Definitions. Entertainment Software Rating Board. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 13 ]. Xbox 360 Game Search GameStop [ 14 ]. ESRB [ 15 ]. Xbox 360 Game Search GameStop [ 16 ]. ESRB [ 17 ]. Xbox 360 Game Search GameStop [ 18 ]. ESRB [ 19 ]. Gamestop Xbox 360 Search [ 20 ]. ESRB [ 21 ]. How to Fix Common Xbox 360 Problems: Same Day Repairs, Low Prices. Same-day Xbox Repair. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 22 ]. Johnson, Kyle. Owns All Three Options, Personal interview. 29 July 2011. [ 23 ]. Johnson [ 24 ]. Johnson [ 25 ]. Console at Nintendo Wii. Nintendo Wii Console. Web. 07 Aug. 2011. . [ 26 ]. Nintendo Wii Specs (original, Wii Sports Bundle) Consoles CNET Reviews. Product Reviews Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews More CNET Reviews. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 27 ]. Wii Search GameStop. Games for Wii. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 28 ]. Towell [ 29 ]. Wii Search GameStop [ 30 ]. Wii Search GameStop [ 31 ]. ESRB [ 32 ]. Wii Search GameStop [ 33 ]. ESRB [ 34 ]. Wii Search GameStop [ 35 ]. ESRB [ 36 ]. Wii Search GameStop [ 37 ]. ESRB [ 38 ]. Xbox 360 Game Search GameStop [ 39 ]. ESRB [ 40 ]. Dotree, Phil. 3 Common Wii Technical Problems. Associated Content from Yahoo! Associatedcontent. com. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 41 ]. Dotree [ 42 ]. Jones, Ralph. Wii Owner, Personal interview, 30 July 2011. [ 43 ]. Jones [ 44 ]. PlayStation 3 160 GB System. PlayStation PS3. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 45 ]. Sony PlayStation 3 Slim Specs (160GB) Consoles CNET Reviews. Product Reviews Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews More CNET Reviews. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 46 ]. Playstation 3 Search GameStop. Games for PS3. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 47 ]. Towell [ 48 ]. Playstation 3 Search GameStop. [ 49 ]. Playstation 3 Search GameStop [ 50 ]. ESRB [ 51 ]. Playstation 3 Search GameStop [ 52 ]. ESRB [ 53 ]. Playstation 3 Search GameStop [ 54 ]. ESRB [ 55 ]. Playstation 3 Search GameStop [ 56 ]. ESRB [ 57 ]. Playstation 3 Search GameStop [ 58 ]. ESRB [ 59 ]. How to Fix Common Xbox 360 Problems [ 60 ]. Johnson [ 61 ]. Johnson [ 62 ]. Johnson [ 63 ]. Johnson [ 64 ]. McNeilly, Michael. Xbox 360 Owner, Personal Interview. 30 July 2011. [ 65 ]. Johnson [ 66 ]. Johnson [ 67 ]. McNeilly [ 68 ]. Jones [ 69 ]. Jones [ 70 ]. Johnson [ 71 ]. Johnson [ 72 ]. Johnson [ 73 ]. Johnson [ 74 ]. Johnson, McNeilly.

Great Literature - What Makes it so Great? Essay -- Expository Definit

Great Literature - What Makes it so Great? What is "great" literature? What makes it so great? Who decides it is great? And, most importantly, why should people read it? The answers to these four questions tell their own story, the story of the grandest works ever written. Great literature is what has stood the test of time. This time frame can be as long as many thousands of years, and as short as twenty. What is important is that the piece of literature has been thoroughly analyzed and scrutinized, studied and talked about, criticized and scoffed at--and still survives. From the essay "What is a Classic?" from Aerie Books Ltd. an excerpt reads, "They've set aside that word [classic] solely for books that have passed the test of time, that really are among the best works of their kind ever written" (Aerie Books Ltd. 295). Time is the most important factor contributing to a book's greatness. What makes great literature "great" is the feelings, emotions, and philosophical reflection that the reader experiences, long after having read the piece....

Oregon Oxford Debate Essay

OREGON OXFORD DEBATE †¢. Rules and Guidelines On Debate Prepared by:Ma. Martha Manette A. Madrid, Ed.D. Professor marztmonette@yahoo.com †¢2. Proposition:Resolved: â€Å"That Parliamentary Form of Government Be Adopted† †¢3. Format of Debate:Oxford-Oregon Type †¢4. Three Speakers fromeach sideFirst Affirmative -Constructive SpeechFirst Negative -Interpellation of the first affirmative SpeakerFirst Negative -Constructive SpeechFirst Affirmative -Interpellation of the first negative speakerSecond Affirmative -Constructive SpeechSecond Negative -Interpellation of the second affirmativeSecond Negative -ConstructiveSecond Affirmative -Interpellation of the second negativeThird Affirmative -Constructive SpeechThird Negative -Interpellation of the third affirmativeThird Negative -Constructive SpeechThird Affirmative -Interpellation of the third negative †¢5. Three Speakers fromeach sideRebuttal of the Team Captainof the Affirmative SideSUR- Rebuttal of the Team Captainof the Negative Side †¢6. Duration Constructive Speech: Minimum of five (5) and maximum of seven (7) minutesInterpellation: Five (5) minutesRebuttal Speech: Three (3) minutesSUR- Rebuttal: Three (3) minutes †¢7. Issues for Debate A. Whether or not it is Necessary?(Necessity)B. Whether or not it is beneficial?(Beneficial)C. Whether or not it is practical?(Practicability) †¢8. Criteria for JudgingA. Evidence – 25%B. Delivery – 30%C. Interpellation – 30%D. Rebuttal &SUR-Rebuttal – 15% †¢9. Criteria for Judging- The judges, based on theirdiscretion, shall have the authority todetermine who will be the BestSpeaker and Best Debater. Thewinning team shall be determined bythe majority decision of the Board ofJudges. †¢10. Guides for Constructive SpeechSpeech types of Constructive Speech maybe:Reading MethodMemory MethodExtemporaneousMix method of memory andconversational or dramatic †¢11. Guides for Constructive SpeechPoise, gestures, audience contact and voice projection are highlyrecommended. †¢12. Rules on Interpellation1. Questions should primarily focused on argumentsdeveloped in the speech of your opponent. However,matters relevant and material to the proposition areadmissible.2. Questioner and opponent should treat each other withcourtesy.3. Both speakers stand and face the audience during thequestion or Interpellation period.4. Once the questioning  has begun, neither the questionernor his opponent may consult a colleague. Consultationshould be done before but as quietly as possible . †¢13. Rules on Interpellation5. Questioners should ask brief and easily understandablequestion. Answers should equally be brief. Categorical questionsanswerable by yes or no is allowed, however, opponent if hechoose, may qualify his answer why yes or why no.6. Questioner may not cut off a reasonable and qualifyinganswer, but he may cut off a nervous response with a statementsuch as a â€Å"thank you† â€Å"that is enough information† or â€Å"yourpoint is quite clear† or â€Å"I’m satisfied.†7. Questioner should not comment on the response of hisopponent.8. Your opponent may refuse to answer ambiguous, irrelevant orloaded questions by asking the questioner to rephrase or reformhis question. †¢14. Rules on Rebuttal SpeechA. Rebuttal speaker should point out clearlythe fallacies committed by his opponentstating clearly what particularly statement orargument constitute said fallac y.B. If not familiar with the fallacies of logic,the debater may counter arguments directlyby stating what arguments or statement isincorrect or false. †¢15. Role of the ModeratorThe moderator of the debate has the followingduties:1. To reveal the issue involve the debate;2. To rule on points of clarification about theissues or questions and answers made during theInterpellation; and3. To see to it that the debate is orderly andfollows the rules of parliamentary procedures. †¢16. Role of the Timer1. To time the speakers and debatersaccurately;2. To give the speakers a one-minutewarning with the ringing of the bell oncebefore his/her time is up.3. To prevent the debaters from exceedingthe time allotted to them by ringing thebell twice. †¢17. Tips on Interpellationand RebuttalCROSS EXAMINATIONA. The cross-examination period of a debate is a time when the person who is not going to speak next in the constructive questions the person who has just finished speaking.B. Consider cross examination an information exchange period – it is not the time to role play lawyer. †¢18. CROSS EXAMINATION C. Cross examination may serve six objectives: 1. To clarify points 2. To expose errors 3. To obtain admissions 4. To setup arguments 5. To save prep time 6. To show the judge how cool you are so they WANT to vote †¢19. CROSS EXAMINATION D. Most debaters tend to ignore the value of good cross- examination. Remember, 30% of the entire debate is spent in cross-examination — it should be a meaningful and essential part of the debate. If nothing else, debaters tend  to underestimate the importance that cross-examination may have on the judge. E. Cross-examination will indicate to the judge just how sharp and spontaneous the debaters are. Invisible bias will always occur in a debate round and judges would always like the sharpest team to win. Good, effective cross- examination of the opponents can play an important psychological role in winning the ballot of the judge. †¢20. CROSS EXAMINATION F. Be dynamic. Have questions and be ready to go, answer questions actively and with confidence whenever you can. The image you project will be very important to the audience/judge. This is the one opportunity the audience/judge has to compare you with opponent’s side-by-side. †¢21. GUIDELINES FOR ASKINGQUESTIONS:1. Ask a short Q designed to get a short A2. Indicate the object of your Q3. Dont telegraph your argument, dontmake it too obvious.4. Dont ask Q they wont answerproperly.†So, we win, right?† †¢22. GUIDELINES FOR ASKINGQUESTIONS:5. Make Q seem important, even if it isjust an attempt to clarify.6. Politeness is a must — emphasize thedifference if they are rude.7. Approach things from a non-obviousdirection. Then trap them.8. Mark your flow/notes as to what youwant to question them about. †¢23. GUIDELINES FOR ASKINGQUESTIONS:9. Avoid open ended Qs unless you aresure they are clueless.10. Face the judge/audience, not youropponent.11. CX answers must be integrated intoyour arguments made during a speech. †¢24. GUIDELINES FOR ANSWERINGQUESTIONS:1. Concise A.2. Refer to something you have alreadysaid whenever possible. This is safe.3. Answer based on your position in thedebate so far. Keep options open.4. Dont make promises of what you oryour partner will do later. †¢25. GUIDELINES FOR ANSWERINGQUESTIONS:5. Qualify your answers.6. Be willing to exchange documentsread into the debate.7. Answer only relevant questions.8. Address the judge. †¢26. GUIDELINES FOR ANSWERINGQUESTIONS:9. Try and not answer hypothetical Q. Ifthey demand, say you will give ahypothetical A.10. Signal each other, dont tag-team.11. Dont say†I dont know,†say†I am notsure at this time†¦.† †¢27. REBUTTALSA. Most debaters, coaches, and judges would agr ee that rebuttals are the most difficult and yet the most important parts of the debate.B. Not only is there less time within each speech, but each debater has to sort through all of the issues to determine which ones are the most important ones!C. What a debater does or does not do in rebuttals will decide who wins the debate. Very few debaters (especially beginners) can hope to extend everything that  happened in the constructive speeches. †¢28. REBUTTALSD. Debaters dont have to do that and just because a team may have dropped a point or an argument is not an automatic reason to vote against that team.E. What matters is the type of argument that is extended or dropped in rebuttals-this will determine the winner of the round. †¢29. REBUTTALSThink about these four issues when rebuttalshappen:1. Which arguments have more weight at theend of the round?2. Which outcomes (disads, counter plans)are more likely given lots of internal links?3. What about time frame-what happensfirst?4. What about the quality of evidence? †¢30. REBUTTALSHere are some other helpful hints:1. Avoid repetition. Dont just repeat yourconstructive arguments. Beat the other teamsarguments and tell the judge why your argumentsare better.2. Avoid passing ships. Dont avoid what theother team said. You must clash directly withtheir responses.3. Avoid reading evidence only. You must beexplaining and telling the judge why these issueswin the de bate. †¢31. REBUTTALS4. Avoid rereading evidence that has alreadybeen read in constructive. You can makereference to it by referring to it, but dont re-read it.5. Avoid â€Å"lumping and dumping.†Dont try togo for everything. You cant make 12responses to each argument in a few minutes.6. Be organized. Dont jump from issue toissue at random. Be specific and logical aboutwinning issues. †¢32. REBUTTALS7. Dont be a blabbering motor mouth. Speakquickly but not beyond your ability. If you speaktoo fast, you will stumble and not get through asmuch.8. Dont whine to the judge about fairness or whatthe other team might have done that you think isunethical. Make responses and beat them.9. Dont make new arguments. You can read newevidence but you cant run new disadvantages ortopicality responses. You are limiting to extendingthe positions laid out in the constructive speeches. †¢33. REBUTTALS10. Use signposting. Make sure the judge knowswhere you are on the flow sheet. This is not the timeto lose the judge on the flow.11. Use issue packages. Organize your argumentsinto issue packages. Choose arguments which youwant to win. Dont go for everything. Extend thosearguments that you need to win.12. Cross-apply arguments. If you dropped anargument in a prior speech that you think wasimportant dont act like your losing. Cross-applyarguments you made somewhere else in the d ebate toanswer it.