As Clearly And Carefully As You Can - 1326 Words

Voluntarists and non-voluntarists have had intense debate on the issue of religion and morality. The underlying central argument of the debate is whether the morality requires a religious foundation or not. While the voluntarists claim that morality does require a religious foundation, non-voluntarists assert that it doesn’t. David Brink and George Mavrodes argues with this theme of voluntarist and non-voluntarist. My essay will largely focus on the strengths and weakness of both voluntarists and non-voluntarists associating with Mavrodes and Brink’s idea on this issue. Voluntarists are the people who insist that it is the will or the attitude of god that determines morality and its qualities, while the non-voluntarists argue that moral†¦show more content†¦What Brink argues is that if the natural properties of a situation determine its moral properties, then its moral properties can’t depend on god’s will. He further states that if voluntarism were true, then two situations could have different moral properties even if there were no natural differences between them, i.e. , if god’s attitudes to the two tokens of the same type were different, one system could be unjust, but an absolute same one of that system don’t have to be unjust. Therefore, the second argument against to the voluntarism is that voluntarism implies a rejection of supervenience of the moral properties of natural ones, which rejecting supervenience is counterintuitive and thus voluntarism has a counterintuitive implication. The third opposition is a substantive claim argument. This argument explains that if the god merely selects whatever he or she wants to be good or right, then when people say â€Å"God is good†, this notion becomes trivial and non-substantive. This argument implies that if voluntarism is true, then praise of god as good or right wouldn’t be meaningful. For example, we can pick our own grades for the work we had done but don’t consider their quality which are independent of our choice of grade. It would genuinely not count as substantive praise if one person says to another â€Å"you got an A. You did very well†. On the contrary, there are also arguments against non-voluntarism. To beginShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Mother Tongue Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesand style, in the sense that how you convey a message is just as important as the content of your statement. Tan’s essay examines the differences in how she communicates with her mother, and how she communicates with everyone else in her immediate environment. I find it interesting that you can find examples of her point right in the story. You can see that Tan focused her essay to be grammatically correct, and descriptive, so that the readers such as ourselves can interpret it. It’s clear that sheRead MoreEssay on Making Homemade Cupcakes804 Words   |  4 Pagesones birthday? Why don’t you make them something special? Take some time out of your day to make some homemade cupcakes. Making cupcakes yourself is cheaper than buying store bought cupcakes and you have the ability to make them anyway you want. The first thing that you will need to do is leave yourself about an hour and a half to spend in the kitchen. Once you have decided to make cupcakes, you need to gather your materials. You will need one box of cake mix that you have bought from the groceryRead MoreFactors to Consider When Choosing a Medium of Communication792 Words   |  4 PagesFACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL The purpose of communication is to get your message across to others clearly and unambiguously. It’s a process that can be fraught with error, with messages often misinterpreted by the recipient. To avoid tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity you have to consider factors before selecting a channel of communication. 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Sure, you can go to college to become a lawyer or a doctor and please your parents. But why bother with pesky physics and political science when there is a much more lucrative way to make a living, namely to become a reality TV star. Clearly, the marketplace alone is fitRead More1 Techniques for Answering English Paper1483 Words   |  6 Pagescertain facts are given, they serve as a mere guide. You are required to do at least three major things: 1. Use the right format for your writing 2. Include all the facts given in the question 3. 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The Basis Of Hume s Theory - 1398 Words

The basis of Hume’s essay is in regards to aesthetics, he offers his definition of the â€Å"standard of taste† from the standpoint of even the best critics. Throughout the essay, Hume reaches his conclusion by â€Å"both his characterization of the appreciative response and by his particular way of drawing the distinction between the subjective and the objective,† (Carroll). From the beginning of the essay, it is noticed that Hume’s theory is representative of a paradox. He states, â€Å"The great variety of Taste, as well as of opinion, which prevails in the world, is too obvious not to have fallen under every one’s observation,† (Hume 103). Taste and opinion are almost synonymous here, everyone has their own preference which is apparent when it comes time for judgement. The first portion of the paradox refers to the subjectivity individuals tend to place upon objects or works that are being viewed. Individuals holding a higher level of kno wledge towards the subject are further prone to have distinguishable tastes rather than someone with a lack of knowledge, while people that hold prejudices in their mind will be incapable of having an open mind. It is easy for someone to deem something as hideous if it is unfamiliar just as it is easy to be arrogant and possessive of what is known to be true. Furthermore, Hume elaborates on the importance of language, he â€Å"argues that much of the apparent agreement in aesthetic discourse is based on a linguistic mirage,† (Carroll). There are obviousShow MoreRelatedExistence Through Our Senses : Hegel s Theory Of Life1099 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Existence Through Our Senses Hegel’s argued that the creation of life is based on phenomenology and that the nature of life is based on our senses. He argues that it is more than just phenomena, it s complex phenomena.Without the mind, we would not have existed in the world and without knowledge we would not be able to survive.   Our body communicates with our mind and without our mind we would not be able to function , we would not be able to survive without knowledge eitherRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 Pagessocieties. Examples would be don’t cheat, don’t steal, and treat others as you would want to be treated. When dealing with the philosophers take on morality, there are two which are usually compared to one another, Immanuel Kant and David Hume. Immanuel Kant had many theories throughout his philosophical time. Here are some of his ethical works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Metaphys ics of Morals (1797), which contains both â€Å"the DoctrineRead MoreInto The Woods By Stephen Sondheim Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesdecisions that play a very important role throughout the play and the field of ethics. In fact, philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and David Hume– philosophers that extensibly contributed with ethical views regarding respect and dignity– may agree or disagree with the ethical decisions taken by the characters on specific instances. In fact, Kant and Hume have developed a set of views that determine what is right and wrong; very useful to decide whether or not the Baker’s decisions are ethicallyRead MoreAnalysis Of John Locke, George Berkeley And David Hume1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking assuming that all human knowledge arises originally from sense-experiences. 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As a rationalist Descartes supposed that this withstood identically for everyone, that all people have rational learned concepts

Cultural Anthropology Essay Research Paper IntroductionCultural Anthropology free essay sample

Cultural Anthropology Essay, Research Paper Introduction: Cultural Anthropology is a term that is in mundane lives and subjects. When one thinks of anthropology they think of the survey of old leftovers normally referred to as archeology. This, nevertheless, is non the lone signifier of anthropology. There are four types of anthropology and they are archaeology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and lingual anthropology. However, Cultural anthropologists are every where and analyze people of all walks of life. One can happen a subject and happen some type of survey that an anthropologist has conducted on the affair. The following are five articles that explain how anthropologists are every where. Section: Culture and Fieldwork Chapter: Corporate Anthropologists, page 24 Summary of Article: The article talked about how anthropologists play an of import function in the corporate environment. Anthropologists have been working with concerns since the 1930 s, nevertheless in the 1980 s this field experienced important growing. This was due to the globalisation of concern activity and the increased consciousness of the importance of civilization for concern, ( Laabs 24 ) . Cultural anthropology is the survey of bing people and corporations find this information utile in seeking to understand human behaviour within their ain organisation. Business anthropologists have been analyzing the corporate universe for old ages, on such varied subjects as how to promote more creativeness or how best to incorporate multicultural larning techniques into an organisation s preparation plan, ( Laabs 25 ) . Most anthropologists who work in the corporate environment do non utilize the rubric of anthropologist. There are presently over 200 anthropologists working in this field. The article so gave an history of one anthropologist s experience in the corporate environment. The article concludes by stating what corporations think of the value that anthropologists add to the companies and that the function will go on to turn. Anthropologist s Experience: The anthropologist that contributed to this article was Lorna M. McDougall. She works at Arthur Andersen s Center for Professional Education, which is located in St. Charles, Illinois. McDougall is analyzing why people from some civilizations learn best from talks, although others learn best through synergistic acquisition, ( Laabs 25 ) . McDougall has played a big portion in developing Arthur Andersen s Business English Language Immersion Training ( ELIT ) plan. This plan builds a linguistic communication accomplishment that allows for communicating between two parties where English may be a 2nd linguistic communication. This plan besides provides an consciousness of each civilization s concern moralss. The consequences of her work have helped teachers, who train Andersen advisers working in 66 states, be better instructors, ( Laabs 25 ) . McDougall is the first onsite anthropologist employed by Arthur Andersen and continues to be a great resource for the corporation. McDougall used an anthropological methodological analysis by listening in on schoolroom Sessionss and carry oning interviews. From the information that she gathered she noticed that people from certain civilizations are used to bipartisan communicating in the schoolroom, although others merely sit softly while the professor talks, ( Laabs 26 ) . McDougall besides teaches some of the direction development categories and besides contributes to the preparation categories. Her chief countries of concentration for anthropological survey include a technique where sometimes a direction squad proposes an thought and at other times she will suggest an thought. She has besides studied the significance of gestures and colourss for different civilizations. She discovered that white in some civilizations means matrimony and in others, white means decease. All her anthropological work has played a major portion in Arthur Andersen s company. My Experience: I did my presentation on anthropologists and the function that they play in corporations. Until late I was cognizant that civilization played a defining function in companies that participated in globalisation. I did non nevertheless know the function that anthropologists contributed to this subject. I late worked a Technological Symposium for my company and this was a immense event where people from all parts of the universe attended. It was at this convention that I learned that other civilizations do concern otherwise than Americans. It is non merely a linguistic communication barrier but a civilization barrier. I am besides cognizant of the work that anthropologists contribute to the development of web sites that are viewed worldwide. Comparison: The anthropologist s experience and mine are immensely different. She is rather a spot more experient in the subject of corporate anthropologists. However, she and I both realized that linguistic communication is non the lone barrier that corporations face when spread outing the operation globally. As the consciousness of this field becomes known it will go on to turn. Section: Culture and Food Chapter: Culture and the Evolution of Obesity, page 92 Peter J. Brown ( Human Nature, 1991 ) Summary of Article: The article provides a cross-cultural and evolutionary analysis of how both biological and cultural factors in fleshiness evolved. This analysis explains the sociological distribution of fleshiness today. It besides emphasizes that peripheral organic structure fat ( characteristic of adult females ) is a little wellness jeopardy compared to abdominal fat ( characteristic of work forces ) , ( Brown 92 ) . Anthropologist s Experience: Peter Brown, the anthropologist who wrote the article, gave his perceptual experience on fleshiness. He believes that an anthropological theoretical account of civilization has important advantages over the normally used uniform construct of environment for bring forthing hypotheses about behavioural causes of fleshiness, ( Brown 93 ) . Brown states that the job of fleshiness and corpulence is that today s industry thrives on the civilization belief about holding the perfect organic structure and sexual attraction instead on the medical position. Fleshiness and being overweight is non merely a psychological issue but a serious wellness issue. Brown claims that there are four facts about the societal distribution of society that must be addressed. They are: 1 ) The gender difference in the entire per centum and site distribution of organic structure fat, every bit good as the prevalence of fleshiness ; 2 ) the concentration of fleshiness in certain cultural groups ; 3 ) the addition i n fleshiness associated with economic modernisation ; and 4 ) the powerful and complex relationship between societal category and fleshiness, ( Brown 94 ) . He goes on to farther province that human biological science and behaviour can be understood in the context of two distinguishable procedures of development, ( Brown 96 ) . The two procedures are natural choice and historical alterations in the construction of cultural systems. Furthermore, Brown provinces Because the construct of civilization is seldom considered in medical research on fleshiness, and because I am proposing that this construct has advantages over the more common and uniform term environment, it is necessary to reexamine some basic facets of this anthropological term, ( Brown 97 ) . He provides a diagram that explains civilization in relation to fleshiness. He concludes that blubber is symbolically linked to psychological dimensions, such as self-worth and gender, ( Brown 99 ) but continues to province that this is non a consistent symbol. In some civilizations fatness symbolizes wealth and wellness. Last he concludes that civilization and its relation to fleshiness can be concluded practically and theoretically. First, acknowledgment of cultural fluctuation in beliefs and behaviours related to fleshiness demands to be incorporated into wellness plans aimed at cut downing the prevalence of fleshiness. The 2nd decision respects the demand for more research on the function of civilization, as it interacts with cistrons, on the etiology of fleshiness, ( Brown 101 ) . My Experience: As a adult female in today s American society I am really cognizant of the jobs and ballyhoo about fleshiness and corpulence. I am invariably seeking to lose weight or keep it. I am neer satisfied with the manner I look. Every where we look thin adult females are displayed on bases and corpulent and fleshy people are shunned. I personally consider person who is fleshy missing in sexual entreaty and assurance. The dilutant that I am the more desirable I feel. I know that other civilizations do non see fleshiness in this mode. For illustration I am certain that a individual in South Africa who is overweight is considered to be of great position. I merely hope that one twenty-four hours cipher will be looked at or judged on their weight. Comparison: I truly enjoyed the anthropologist s point of position on the fleshiness issue. The lone thing that I disagree with is that such of import issues such as binge-eating syndrome, anorexia, and other eating upsets were non addressed. In an article in which weight is discussed these issues go manus in manus. For every individual who is corpulent there are three that are contending an eating upset, and this is prevailing in all civilizations. Peter Brown merely one time touched footing on the dieting fad that floods the universe and this was really brief. Then he states that it is merely affluent adult females who are obsessed with dieting and this is improbably false. Section: Culture and Race Chapter: White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, page 134 Peggy McIntosh ( 1988 ) Article Summary: The article begins by the anthropologist explicating that work forces have privilege over adult females. Denials which amount to taboos surround the topic of advantages which work forces gain from adult females s disadvantages. These denials protect male privilege from being to the full acknowledged, lessened or ended, ( McIntosh 135 ) . Then the article returns to discourse how Whites, whether they realize it or non, have a considerable advantage over other races. She lists 26 ways that Whites have the upper manus. She so concludes with her personal analysis her experiences. Anthropologist s Experience: McIntosh explains that as a white individual she had been sheltered from the privileges that she had. I think Whites are taught non to acknowledge white privilege, as males are taught non to acknowledge male privilege, ( McIntosh 135 ) . She compiled a list of things that she encounters day-to-day that are a privilege to white people that may non come so easy to a individual of a different race. For illustration one point states that she can turn on the telecasting or open the front page of the paper and see people of my race widely represented, ( McIntosh 135 ) . She so claims that if all these points are true that we are non populating in a free state and that certain chances are available to Whites. She concludes by saying that she hopes that societal systems need to be redesigned. My Experience: I am a white female so I was able to put myself in the anthropologist s places. I grew up in an upper in-between category vicinity went to private school and I was still taught all about the different races. There is an full month dedicated to Black History in schools. Therefore, I experienced rearward favoritism, non a privilege for being white. When using for scholarships upon come ining college I was repeatedly turned down merely to see a fellow pupil of a different race, with lower classs, less academic activities, and lower rank receive the scholarship because of their race. Affirmative action allows for a less qualified campaigner to have the occupation so that the company can hold a certain figure of cultural people employed. There is a black Ms. America and a Black Ms. America, yet the former Ms. America was black. There are sororities that are specifically for peculiar races yet regular sororities can non know apart on race but the race specific 1s can. Comparison: The anthropologist and I have really different sentiments on being white. She claims that it is a privilege and that other races suffer, I strongly disagree with her. Where was her research done? Did she non look into such issues as rearward favoritism, affirmatory action, and the privileges that are granted to others based on their race? The article was wholly absurd. What was her footing for such an article? White people have to turn out themselves where as others have doors opened for them because of the manner our ascendants treated them. McIntosh needs to make a batch more geographic expedition into the subject. Section: Economy and Business Chapter: String sections Attached, page 143 Lee Cronk ( The Sciences, 1989 ) Article Summary: Lee Cronk discusses possible cultural misinterpretations that were involved in the creative activity of the unfortunate ( and racialist ) term Indian giver. These misinterpretations were violative to both Native Americans and Whites. Europeans thought that gifts should be freely given and that the gift is less valued when there are strings attached, ( Cronk 143 ) . Due to the before mentioned when anthropologists study gift giving rites they are more interested in the relationship between the giver and the receiving system than the existent point being given. The article makes several mentions to past state of affairss and gives several illustrations of anthropologist s point of position. Anthropologist s Experience: The anthropologist s experiences came from first manus cognition when seeking to give gifts to the people that they were analyzing. One anthropologist by the name of Richard Lee, from the University of Toronto, had an experience with the! Kung hunter-gatherers. He gave the folk an ox as a item of good will but all the! Kung did was kick about how scraggy the ox was. Merely subsequently did Lee learn, with alleviation, that the! Kung belittle all gifts, ( Cronk 144 ) . Harmonizing to the! Kung roasting gifts is their manner of decreasing the expected return and of implementing humbleness on those who would utilize gifts to raise their ain position within the group, ( Cronk 144 ) . Another illustration from an anthropologist was by Rada Dyson-Hudson, from Cornell University. Dyson-Hudson gave the Turkana s of Kenya pots, maize repast, baccy, and other points. Much to her discouragement it was less than appreciated. A typical response to a gift of a pot, for illustration, might be, Wher e is the maize repast to travel in this pot? or, Don T you have a bigger one to give me? To the Turkana, these are legitimate and expected inquiries, ( Cronk 144 ) . My Experience: As a kid and as an grownup the whole gift giving procedure is different. I can retrieve acquiring a gift and neer believing anything of it. As an grownup if I get a gift that is rather luxuriant I ever want to return a gift even better the giver. It is as if I want to one up the giver, as if it is traveling to do me a better individual to give the better gift. As a kid I remember having points from childhood friends and when a battle would happen the friend desiring the gift back, and this was referred to as Indian giving. Now as I get even older gift giving rites such as Christmas has become consumer warfare. I think that gift giving is a huffy subject in all civilizations. Comparison: The similarities between the anthropologist s experience and mine are astonishing. It merely goes to demo that gift giving is a procedure that will neer be to the full grasped no affair how much research is done on the subject. Section: Gender and Socialization Chapter: society and Sex Roles, page 159 Ernestine Friedl ( Human Nature, 1978 ) Article Summary: The article begins with the anthropologist giving two contrasting illustrations of the functions work forces and adult females play in different civilizations. Following this debut the thesis is given that the functions will neer be clearly defined every bit long as illustrations from other civilizations are used in the statement. The article continues to site illustrations about how work forces are the dominant sex because they are the huntsman s and supply the resources. Several illustrations of folks are given to back up his hypothesis that every bit long as work forces provide the resources than they will hold the upper manus. He concludes by saying that as adult females continue to derive places in functions that allow them to supply the resources than they will be able to do demands to alter the sex functions. Anthropologist s Experience: Friedl makes the statement that to understand society and its sex roles one must non flip illustrations from the universe s civilizations at each other like rational rocks, ( Friedl 160 ) . He states that the differences, biologically talking, can be clarified by looking at known illustrations of the earliest signifiers of human society and analyzing the relationship between the engineering, societal organisation, environment, and sex functions, ( Friedl 160 ) . Friedl claims that the factors in a society that cause male laterality demand to be researched because once these factors are understood than one can use this cognition to the changeless alterations in the sex functions due to the modern society. Through Friedl s observations he learned that The male monopoly on runing unites work forces in a system of exchange and gives them power, ( Friedl 161 ) . Womans do non run, I believe, because of four interconnected factors: variableness in the supply of game ; the different accompl ishments required forward hunting and assemblage ; the mutual exclusiveness between transporting loads and hunting ; and the little size of seminomadic forage populations, ( Friedl 161 ) . He besides believes that another ground are non the dominant sex is because it is hard to supply resources when one is pregnant. My Experience: I grew up in school larning about how adult females s functions in society have evolved over clip. I realize that adult females were non and still are non the dominant sex. This is partially because it is still hard for adult females to be in places of power. I one time tried for a place in a spirit organisation at Texas Tech University. It was a male organisation therefore I was declined rank. Even in dating the work forces pay, open the doors for the adult females, and play the dominant function. Comparison: I agree with Friedl in that the dominant sex is the 1 that provides the resources. His research was done by past observations and my experience came from personal experience in such countries as dating, work, and school. The times that I was unable to supply resources I was non dominant, but the times that I did supply the resources I had the upper manus. As we continue to turn as a society than adult females will be in such places of power and than possibly an equality between the sexes can be. My Favorite Article: My favourite article was the article titled White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack. This was because it is such a controversial subject that gets a rise out of me and makes my temper flair. I would truly wish to reason my point of position with the anthropologist that wrote the article. It is a subject that is highly controversial and will be about every bit long as there are people and different races. Decision: In decision, I now realize all the surveies and wide scope of subjects that are discussed by cultural anthropologists. They play an of import function in every twenty-four hours activities that I take for granted. Equally long as there are people and at the rate the universe changes there will ever be a demand for cultural anthropologists.

Media Representatin of Women in Sport free essay sample

Major Essay Current society is built upon stereotypes and constructions that are predetermined by previous generations’ views. One of the most recognised historical constructions is the patriarchal theory, that the female is subservient to the male. However, this construction of gender power is slowly equalising, with the rise of feminist groups in the latter part of the 20th century giving reason for this occurring. Nevertheless, gender battles are still occurring, particularly in the sporting industry, which remains male dominated. Female sport has been given much notoriety over their uproar in the past decade, but is finding in a male controlled industry it is difficult for women to receive help from governing bodies. Female sport is marginalised compared to male sport, largely due to the sexualisation of the athletes themselves. Professionally they are receiving very little media coverage in comparison to males and in an amateur sense; females are being stereotyped as a result of the images of ‘athletic’ sexualised women displayed in magazines such as Zoo, Sports Illustrated and Alpha. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Representatin of Women in Sport or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The media has evolved female sport into sexually appealing entertainment and doesn’t give the sports that have not been sexualised, enough coverage. (Maria Sharapova Bikini) The media have constructed their own image of what a female athlete ultimately looks like by posting images in their magazines, â€Å"characteristics favoured in visual media are those commonly associated with feminine beauty, such as smiling, unblemished skin, slender and toned physique, and long blonde hair† (Schell n. d. ). Maria Sharapova pictured below is the perfect example, and even though she isn’t the number one female tennis player and hasn’t been for some time, she is still one of the most popular and most followed players in the women’s circuit, she was the highest paid female athlete in the world come 2006, earning more from endorsements than prize money (Carr 2006). We see in Australia the sexualisation of sports like Netball, where women in the ANZ Championship wear skin tight, short dresses to play, making it appealing to male audiences. We often see at the Australian Open, similar length dresses or skirts that leave little to the imagination. Venus Williams sent the media into frenzy in 2010 with her skin colour underwear visible as soon as she moved around the court, to which she designed herself (Eurosport 2010). Tennis uniforms are becoming a fashion statement more and more every year, which is always judged by the media when someone wears something even slightly risky or sexy. Anna Kournikova was the pioneer in making tennis ‘sexy’ with her risque photographs in the magazine Sports Illustrated (Cover pictured below). Former tennis player and feminist rights activist Billie Jean King gave a response to the Anna Kournikova Sport illustrated photographs with this, â€Å"It doesnt bother me at all if some of the guys come out to watch womens tennis because they want to see a beautiful woman. Who could hold that against Anna? Still, its unfortunate when others with a high skill factor dont win the endorsements. Sure, the good-looking guys get more endorsements, but the difference in mens sports is that the ugly ones get their share, too. †(Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles 2000) In America, ‘sexploitation’ is taken to another level at a professional level, particularly in the sports of wrestling and in the gridiron league Lingerie Football League. In these competitions, females wear very little, going down to the bare minimum. Pictured below is an image of the Lingerie Football League, clearly the uniforms (Lingerie Football League 2009)(Anna Kournikova 2000) leave little to be desired, but are used to entertain to a male dominated audience. These sports are both considered to be female sports in their own right, but we also see the sexualisation of women in male sports, particularly in professional sides in the form of cheerleaders. Cheerleaders provide entertainment during the sporting breaks, which we often see during breaks in male sports, providing a view of females in general as sexual objects and inferior to the male ‘athletes’. So from our perspective it is clear that the media has constructed a view that the amateur female athlete must be ‘sexy’ in order to be able to succeed, we don’t read in magazines or see photographs of less attractive female athletes, they have excluded them for what in their mind is good reason, sex sells. However it is creating an unrealistic image of the perfect female athlete, they are not judged by how good they are at hitting, catching, shooting, running or jumping, but by how much they can get paid for taking their clothes off. (Caple, Greenwood Lumby 2010) Another cause for concern over female sport is that professionally they are not getting anywhere near enough media coverage and money as their male counterparts. The media cover male sport in far more depth; in fact a study in 2006 by South Australian Premier’s Council for Women found just 4. per cent of coverage was about female sport () and on Foxtel approximately 10 per cent was about female sport (Senate Standing Committees on Environment, Communications and the Arts 2006). The chart below shows the volume of news coverage that all the different sports receive, which not surprisingly shows Tennis as being pretty much the main female sport that is being covered, with very little else in comparison to male sport, even horses gain more exposure than females. So while females are being splayed all over the magazines in compromising poses and clothing, they receive very little coverage of them competing within their sports. So even though the â€Å"Australian women’s swimming team at the 2004 Olympic games secured more medals than their male counterparts. The women’s hockey team, the Hockeyroos have frequently dominated international competition, winning Olympic gold and international championships on many occasions. The Australian women’s netball team has won eight of eleven world championships†(Senate Standing Committees on Environment, Communications and the Arts 2006), we still don’t see these teams play, other than at major sporting competitions like the Olympic and Commonwealth games. The lack of exposure can be hurtful to professional female athletes, in an interview with former Australian netball player explains her pain, â€Å"’I went very close to an emotional breakdown’ Ellis said, describing a time when she was struggling to combine her work as a solicitor, a marriage and the daily demands of club training and competing for Australia. (Magnay 2006) So while professional male sportsman have sport as their only profession earning a large salary in doing so, most women who compete at the top levels of their sports don’t actually receive any payment for their services, or if they do, they definitely couldn’t live of it, so majority of them have normal day jobs, which in itself would be stressful, but in conjunction with family, training and games, they must lead extremely demanding lives, which hardly seems reasonable. The inability of female sport to be fully professional and given similar or equal coverage in the media leaves the representation of women very much being subservient in a male dominated industry. The representation of the ultimate female ‘athlete’ projected as a result of the sexualisation that has occurred in higher level sport today has created a flow on effect into the amateur level of sport. Solmon et al. (2003) found that college-aged women who perceive a sport as gender-neutral are more confident about participating than are women who identify a sport as masculine. †(Hardin and Greer 2009, 207) Which is a direct result from media exposure, they see sports on television almost every day; recognize that it is a male sport as the athletes are male and then deem it too masculine to try. There is also the issue of sexuality discrimination when a female becomes involved with sport; because we see the masculine sports on television, any participation in such by a female has become deemed as homosexual, constructed by our culture and media, â€Å"so when a female is called a ‘dyke’ or ‘lesbian’ in a derogatory manner, she may alter her actions and dress to be ‘more feminine,’ downplay her athletic talents, or avoid sport altogether†(Schell n. d. ). This has become a common problem with women’s amateur sport, particularly sports that are deemed to be too masculine for women to try such as cricket (Burroughs, Seebohm and Ashburn 1995, 29) and Australian Rules football (Hillier 2006, 18) that there is an automatic stereotype of being homosexual. The social construction that female participants are labelled as homosexual in male dominated sports is a media formed fallacy. The reason why this has occurred is that in past societies, homosexuality was frowned upon and when a female athlete is found to be a lesbian, then the media reveals it to the world, the stereotype builds. This happened to the Australian women’s cricket team in the opposite fashion when â€Å"it was reported that female cricketer, Denise Annetts, had been dropped from the Australian team and had alleged that her sacking was due to her heterosexual preference and marital status. †( Burroughs, Seebohm and Ashburn 1995, 29) This built the reputation than women’s cricket still holds to this day. Nowadays there has been a movement towards helping women’s sport grow more. There have been the new Australian digital television channels which allowed channel Ten to show Netball during the day on their channel ‘One’. ABC still broadcast lawn bowls and women’s Basketball fairly often, and just this year, channel Nine started broadcasting female Twenty20 cricket that was played before the men’s game. So there has been improvement in the coverage regard, however women across the globe are still victims of sexploitation, which is undermining the coverage solution because we are still able to receive the media’s representation of females in sport as marginalised and subservient to a male industry. Until this is solved and females stand up against this, then there is little chance they have in improving their image in the sporting industry. Reference List Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles. 2000. Sportsletter. 12 (1,2): 2009. Quoted in Messner 2002, 100. Anna Kournikova. Image. 2000. http://sportsillustrated. cnn. com/vault/cover/toc/9744/index. htm (accessed May 20, 2011). Australia. Senate Standing Committees on Environment, Communications and the Arts. 2006. About time! Women in sport and recreation in Australia. Volume 1. Canberra: Senate Printing Unit. Burroughs, A. , L. Seebohm, and L. Ashburn. 1995. Sporting Traditions. The Journal of the Australian Society for Sports History 12 (1): 29. Google. www. google. om. au (accessed 21 May 2011). Caple, H. , K, Greenwood and C, Lumby. Image. 2010. http://www. ausport. gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/356209/Towards_a_Level_Playing_Field_LR. pdf (accessed May 20, 2011) Carr, J. 2006. Maria Sharapova has become the sport’s most marketable icon. http://mariasharapova. wetpaint. com/page/Endorsements (accessed May 20, 2011). Eurosport. 2010. Australian Open Cheeky Venus outfit shocks crowd. http://uk. eurosport. yahoo. com/24012010/58/australian-open-cheeky-venus-outfit-shocks-crowd. html (accessed May 23, 2011). Hardin, M. , J. D. Greer. 2009. The Influence of Gender-Role Socialization, Media Use and Sports Participation on Perceptions of Gender-Appropriate Sports. Journal of Sport Behavior 32 (2): 207. Questia. www. questia. com (accessed 19 May 2011). Hillier, L. 2006. Safe Spaces: The upside of the image problem for same sex attracted young women playing Australian Rules football. International Journal of Football Studies 8 (2): 18. Google. www. google. com. au (accessed 21 May 2011). Lingerie Football League. Image. 2009. http://www. stuff. co. nz/sport/2834471/New-Lingerie-Football-League-under-debate (accessed May 20, 2011). Magnay, J. 2006. Women deserve sporting chance: Ellis. http://www. smh. com. au/news/sport/women-deserve-sporting-chance-ellis/2006/08/02/1154198205721. html (accessed 20 May 2011). Maria Sharapova Bikini. Image. n. d. http://www. dailybum. com/ (accessed May 20, 2011). Messner, M. 2002. Taking the Field: Women, Men and Sports. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Schell, B. n. d. (Dis)Empowering Images? Media Representations of Women in Sport. http://www. womenssportsfoundation. org/Content/Articles/Issues/Media-and-Publicity/D/DisEmpowering-ImagesMedia-Representations-of-Women-in-Sport. aspx (accessed May 20, 2011). Short Research Essay Reflection What strengths and weaknesses did you identify in your Short Research Essay? My short research essay was not quite as good as what I had hoped, the topic Sexual Abuse in Sport: With a focus on the AFL was too narrow, it was not a smart decision to give myself such a small focus, which basically narrowed myself down to Australian texts only, which wasn’t easy. I did find a fair arrange of resources, but perhaps didn’t utilise them as much, and just relied on my own theory. The need to rely on stereotypes and overuse of emotive language also hampered my essay. How did you use the tutor’s feedback to improve your work for the Major Essay? I firstly acknowledged the fact that my essay used too much emotive language and made it a conscious focus to not try and use it so much, to what effect I am not sure, it is a habit in my writing that needs fixing for the future. I also rewrote my whole essay, broadening the topic to women in sport, which meant I could find an array of sources. I also have cleared up my analysis and hopefully the referencing has improved. All in all I believe that this essay is a far improvement on the short research essay.