International Joint venture Essay

Worldwide Joint Ventures (IJVs) are getting progressively mainstream in the business world as they help organizations to frame key unions. These vital collusions permit organizations to increase upper hand through access to a partner’s assets, including markets, advancements, capital and individuals. Global Joint Ventures are seen as a down to earth vehicle for information move, for example, innovation move, from worldwide skill to neighborhood organizations, and such information move can add to the presentation improvement of nearby organizations. Inside IJV’s at least one of the gatherings is found where the activities of the IJV happen and furthermore include a neighborhood and outside organization. Fundamental Elements of an IJV Legally binding Agreement. IJVs are set up by express agreements that comprise of at least one understandings including at least two people or associations and that are gone into for a particular business reason. Explicit Limited Purpose and Duration. IJVs are framed for a particular business objective and can have a constrained life expectancy or be long haul. IJVs are regularly settled for a restricted term on the grounds that (a) the integral exercises include a constrained measure of advantages; (b) the corresponding resources have just a restricted assistance life; as well as (c) the correlative creation exercises will be of just restricted adequacy. Joint Property Interest. Each IJV member contributes property, money, or different resources and hierarchical capital for the quest for a typical and explicit business reason. In this way, an IJV isn't only a legally binding relationship, but instead the commitments are made to a recently framed business undertaking, generally an enterprise, restricted obligation organization, or association. In that capacity, the members procure a joint property enthusiasm for the advantages and topic of the IJV. Explanations behind Forming a Joint Venture There are numerous inspirations that lead to the development of a JV. They include: Hazard Sharing †Risk sharing is a typical motivation to shape a JV, especially, in profoundly capital serious ventures and in businesses where the significant expenses of item improvement equivalent a high probability of disappointment of a specific item. Economies of Scale †If an industry has high fixed costs, a JV with a bigger organization can give the economies of scale important to contend all around and can be a successful route by which two organizations can pool assets and accomplish minimum amount. Market Access †For organizations that come up short on an essential comprehension of clients and the relationship/framework to disperse their items to clients, shaping a JV with the correct accomplice can give moment access to built up, productive and viable dissemination channels and responsive client bases. This is critical to an organization on the grounds that making new conveyance channels and recognizing new client bases can be incredibly troublesome, tedious and costly exercises. Geological Constraints †When there is an appealing business opportunity in a remote market, banding together with a neighborhood organization is alluring to an outside organization in light of the fact that entering a remote market can be troublesome both as a result of an absence of involvement with such market and nearby hindrances to outside possessed or remote controlled organizations. Subsidizing Constraints †When an organization is defied with high straightforward improvement costs, finding the privilege JVP can furnish fundamental financing and believability with outsiders. Advantages A large number of the advantages related with International Joint Ventures are that they give organizations the chance to get new limit and ability and they permit organizations to go into related business or new geographic markets or get new innovative information. Moreover, International Joint Ventures are much of the time have a short life expectancy, permitting organizations to make transient duties instead of long haul responsibilities. Through International Joint Ventures, organizations are offered chances to build overall revenues, quicken their income development, produce new items, grow to new local markets, increase money related help, and offer researchers or different experts that have one of a kind aptitudes that will profit the organizations. Structure Global Joint Ventures are created when two organizations cooperate to meet a particular objective. For instance, Company An and Company B initially start by distinguishing and choosing an IJV accomplice. This procedure includes a few stages, for example, statistical surveying, accomplice search, assessing choices, dealings, business valuation, business arranging, and due ingenuity. These means are taken on by each organization. There are likewise legitimate techniques included, for example, IJV understanding, auxiliary understandings, and administrative endorsements. When this procedure is finished, the IJV Company is framed and during this last method the means taken are arrangement and the board. The executives There are two kinds of International Joint Ventures: prevailing guardian and shared administration. Inside prevailing guardian IJV’s, all undertakings are overseen by one parent who settles on all the useful chiefs for the endeavor. The governing body, which is comprised of officials from each parent, likewise assumes a key job in dealing with the endeavor by settling on all the working and key choices. A predominant parent undertaking is advantageous where an International Joint Venture parent is chosen for reasons outside of administrative info. Fund At the point when at least two accomplices get together and structure an International Joint Venture understanding, they should choose at an opportune time with respect to what the monetary structure will involve as this will help in the board and control. A portion of the means incorporate building up the capital required to begin the IJV, the effect of making sure about a solid key union accomplice, and budgetary announcing. When a course of action is made, a duty arranged joint endeavor will be made which will help in augmenting the after-expense forms. Elements influencing IJV Monetary Factors Poor arrangement and arranging Issues that emerge in joint endeavors are as a rule because of lack of common sense or the gatherings included being too rushed to even think about setting up shop. For instance, an advertising technique may come up short if an item was unseemly for the joint endeavor or if the gatherings included neglected to fittingly asses the elements included . Gatherings must focus on a few examination both of the earth and clients they would like to work in. Inability to do this sets off an awful tone for the endeavor, making future issues. Surprising poor budgetary execution Perhaps the quickest ways for a joint endeavor is money related debates between parties. This normally happens when the budgetary exhibition is less fortunate than anticipated either because of poor deals, cost overwhelms or others. Poor budgetary execution could likewise be because of lack of foresight by the gatherings before setting up a joint endeavor, inability to move toward the market with adequate administration proficiency and unforeseen changes in the market circumstance. A decent answer for this is to assess money related circumstances exhaustive previously and during very advance of the joint endeavor. The executives issues Probably the most serious issue of joint endeavors is the insufficient mixing of chiefs who are not used to cooperating of have altogether various methods of moving toward issues influencing the association. Many joint endeavors fall apart because of misconception over initiative techniques. For an effective joint endeavor, there hosts be understanding and bargain between gatherings, regard and mix of the qualities of the two sides to conquer the more fragile focuses and make their coalition more grounded. Improper administration structure In an offer to have equivalent rights in the endeavor, there could be an oddball of administrators. Accordingly, there is a significant stoppage of dynamic procedures. Day by day operational choices that are best made rapidly for more productivity of the business will in general be eased back down on the grounds that there is presently a ‘committee’ that is set up to ensure the two gatherings bolster each and every choice. This could occupy from the master plan prompting serious issues over the long haul. Societies Factors At the point when a joint endeavor is framed, it is artistically an endeavor at mixing at least two societies in the desire for utilizing on the quality of each gathering. Absence of comprehension of the way of life of the individual gatherings represents a gigantic issue if not tended to. A typical issue in these multi-social undertakings is that the way of life isn't considered in their underlying arrangement. It is normally expected that the social issues will be tended to later when the new unit has been made. For the most part, bargains are reached and certain social from the gatherings are kept on while others will be others are either out appropriately disposed of or adjusted. Upsides and downsides for IJV The joint endeavor is turning into a well known path for organizations that re-appropriate their tasks to hold a bit of the proprietorship pie. The production of another legitimate element during the dispatch of a joint endeavor accompanies a lot of good and bad times. On the in addition to side: Joint endeavors empower organizations to share innovation and integral IP resources for the creation and conveyance of imaginative merchandise and enterprises. Joint endeavors can be utilized to decrease political rubbing and improve neighborhood/national agreeableness of the organization. Joint endeavors may give expert information on nearby markets, passage to required channels of circulation, and access to provisions of crude materials, government agreements and neighborhood creation offices. In a developing number of nations, joint endeavors with have governments have gotten progressively significant. These might be shaped straightforwardly with State-claimed undertakings or coordinated toward national bosses. On the less side: A significant issue is that joint endeavors are hard to incorporate into a worldwide procedure that includes generous cross-

My Leadership Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Leadership Style - Essay Example As indicated by the course book Generalist Practice with Organization and Communities, composed by Karen Ashman and Grafton Hull, driving involves â€Å"working with different frameworks, regardless of whether people, families, gatherings, associations, or communities†(K., and H., 2008). As far as the working environment, authority is a key segment in guaranteeing an organization’s achievement. A piece of guaranteeing this achievement is a leader’s capacity to impart adequately. Inside the article, â€Å"Ingredients of a Good Leader, correspondence has a few purposes. In the event that a pioneer is a decent communicator, they will have the option to save a positive domain for their team(Andolsen, 2008). This is because of the way that compelling correspondence will kill disarray. As far as I can tell, I have managed ventures where no one recognized what their job was or what they should do. As a pioneer, I sat everybody down and plainly illuminated what their ow n individual assignment was and how it would interconnect to the general task. The capacity to administer can be a somewhat dull and troublesome assignment. It is difficult to realize how hands on to be or how hands off to be. A cautious equalization must be struck and a decent pioneer will have the option to distinguish that balance. There are a couple of key territories that a pioneer must be adroit at when overseeing others. Andolsen uncovers that having the option to perceive a person’s capacities, designating assignments, and the capacity to set measures and order are significant factors in being effective at supervising(Andolsen, 2008). Designation is the place the pioneer gives out undertakings that must be practiced. Appointment goes connected at the hip with perceiving someone’s capacities. On the off chance that an individual is especially solid in one territory, the pioneer should attempt to appoint assignments to this individual that will play on those equi valent qualities. As far as I can tell, I have been responsible for a couple of activities, both scholastic and expert, where I expected to hand over the rules to someone else and oversee their advancement. It is hard to do in such a case that they mess up, the flaw stays with the boss. At long last, a great head should have the option to fill in as a group. This is like showing others how its done in that the group should have the option to see the pioneer in a progressively equivalent position. Collaboration is another approach to do this. The initial phase in this procedure is to make a â€Å"spirit of cooperation. Andolsen characterizes this as â€Å"the conviction that there is an incentive in the work being done and that it must be practiced by a helpful cooperative energy among group members†(Andolsen, 2008). In a feeling of cooperation, everybody in the group must feel that they are a significant resource and are of worth. Cooperation and the soul of collaboration ca n likewise decide how well the pioneer and their group will cooperate. In the article entitled, â€Å"Generosity and the Moral Imagination in the Practice of Teamwork† the significance of cooperation is examined. â€Å"We should ponder the talks inside which we work and how needs are evaluated and spoken to on the grounds that these effect†¦ trust, relational connections, and†¦ultimately meeting staff needs†(Arber, 2009). At the point when a pioneer can effectively consolidate a feeling of cooperation, they are likely going to fortify their group regarding having the option to meet objectives and furthermore to ingrain a synergistic inclination for their group. So as to persuade others to finish their objectives, it is essential to show others how its done. Inside the article enti

Field Work Example

Field Work Example Field Work â€" Assignment Example > Homelessness and Domestic Violence against Women in Australia: Literature ReviewDefinition of domestic violence and homelessness There are debates in the research community regarding the most appropriate definition of domestic violence. These debates have been informed by the fact that domestic violence bears close resemblance to other forms of violence (Wilcox, 2006). In addition, definition of domestic violence by justice systems differs from one country to another. The different definitions offer varying, and sometimes contradictory and or overlapping definition of this concept. Nonetheless, the various definitions have been adopted in research literature and provide a basis for systematic inquiries into this important social issue. For the purpose of this literature review, domestic violence is defined as any form of abuse of power and privileges perpetrate by one partner in the context of an intimate relationship (Rollins, Glass Perrin et al, 2012). Homelessness refers to a situation where individuals lack suitable accommodation or habitation. Homelessness is characterized by individuals living in places that are not fit for human habitation, in transitioning accommodations in emergence shelter or in institutions of temporal residence. According to Galano, Hunter and Howell (2013), domestic violence is a leading cause of homelessness in Australia. This occurs when one partner attempts to assert financial, physical, social emotional or psychological control, forcing the other partner to move out of the relationship. Although domestic violence takes different forms, the most common ones are sexual and physical assault, social and emotional abuse, economic deprivation and threats of intimidation. When women leave abusive relationships, they often have nowhere to go, which forces them to be homeless at least for a while. Statistics indicate that at least 50% of all homeless children and women in Australia are victims of domestic violence. Theoretical fra meworks on domestic violence and homelessness A review of literature on domestic violence shows that diverse theoretical models have been adopted to explain the relationship between domestic violence and homelessness. Feminist, psychological sociological and systems theories have been recognized in an attempt to explain violence in intimate relationships. The psychological perspective views domestic violence as a medical problem, implying that abusive men suffer from mental illnesses that cause them to adopt violent behaviors. In effect, the psychological perspective reduces abusers’ accountability for the homelessness (Chamberlain, Johnson Robinson, 2014). Among the various psychological theories that have been examined, the social learning theory has been consistently cited in domestic violence literature. This theory suggests that human behaviors can be learned by observing and emulating others to avoid punishment or get rewards. With regards to the motivations for domestic v iolence, social learning theory posits that violent behaviors are acquired during childhood by observing parents, movie characters and violent people in society. As children grow, they internalize the violent behaviors and start to act violently towards their spouses when they become adults. Research shows that children from abusive relationships are more likely to be abusive as adults, which invariably results in homelessness (O’campo, Daoud, Hamilton-Wright Dunn, 2016). Studies have shown that although the psychological perspective can correctly explain some aspects of domestic violence, it offers a limited explanation of all patterns of domestic violence. Heaven (2009), for example, found that not all domestically violent men exhibit violent behaviors in other social contexts such as the workplace. Other studies show men with normal states of mind can be violent towards their spouses (Chamberlain, Johnson Robinson, 2014). These findings have led researchers to discredit psy chological perspective as being too narrow and insignificant in explaining the relationship between homelessness and domestic violence.

Analysis Of David Hanson s Carnage And Culture Essay

Question2: In Carnage and Culture Victor David Hanson expressed a slanted perspective about the crucial battles in western history in order to support his theory that western militaristic strategies are superior to alternative forms of warfare. He fostered his sentiments by explaining how specific battle tactics can unify or divide a nation in a matter of moments. However, his reference to the concept that western warriors continuously triumph in war, is expressed in a manner that does not fully evaluate both perspectives of the conflict. Hanson alluded to the message behind Carnage and Culture when he stated â€Å"a sense of personal freedom, superior discipline, matchless weapons, egalitarian camaraderie, individual initiative, constant tactical adaptations, and flexibility, preference for shock battle of heavy infantry— were themselves the murderous dividend of Hellenic culture at large†¦ Yet for the past 2,500 years— even in the Dark Ages, well before the â₠¬Å"Military Revolution,† and not simply as a result of the Renaissance, the European discovery of the Americas, or the Industrial Revolution— there has been a peculiar practice of Western warfare, a common foundation and continual way of fighting, that has made Europeans the most deadly soldiers the history of civilizations (Hanson 5-6).† Although Hanson is able to give an overview of valuable battles that express western confidence and reflect the west’s brutal military tactics that established the region as an unstoppableShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of David Hanson s Carnage And Culture Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion2: In Carnage and Culture, Victor David Hanson expressed a slanted perspective about the crucial battles in western history in order to support his theory that western militaristic strategies are superior to alternative forms of warfare. He fostered his sentiments by explaining how specific battle tactics can unify or divide a nation in a matter of moments. However, his reference to the concept that western warriors continuously triumph in war, is expressed in a manner that does not fullyRead MoreIslamic Way of warfare23558 Words   |  95 Pages Major Intekhab Haider Khan 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORG REPORT NUMBER U.S. Army Command and General Staff College ATTN: ATZL-SWD-GD Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-2301 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 13Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

Dorothea Dix, Advocate for the Mentally Ill

Dorothea Dix was born in Maine in 1802.   Her father was a minister, and he and his wife raised Dorothea and her two younger brothers in poverty, sometimes sending Dorothea to Boston to her grandparents. After studying at home, Dorothea Dix became a teacher when she was 14 years old.   When she was 19 she started her own girls’ school in Boston.   William Ellery Channing, a leading Boston minister, sent his daughters to the school, and she became close to the family.   She also became interested in the Unitarianism of Channing.   As a teacher, she was known for strictness.   She used her grandmother’s home for another school, and also started a free school, supported by donations, for poor children. Struggling With Her Health At 25 Dorothea Dix became ill with tuberculosis, a chronic lung disease.   She quit teaching and focused on writing while she was recovering, writing mainly for children.   The Channing family took her with them on retreat and on vacations, including to St. Croix.   Dix, feeling somewhat better, returned to teaching after a few years, adding into her commitments the care of her grandmother.   Her health again seriously threatened, she went to London in hopes that would help her recovery.   She was frustrated by her ill health, writing â€Å"There is so much to do†¦.† While she was in England, she became familiar with efforts at prison reform and better treatment of the mentally ill.   She returned to Boston in 1837 after her grandmother died and left her an inheritance that allowed her to focus on her health, but now with an idea in mind of what to do with her life after her recovery. Choosing a Path to Reform In 1841, feeling strong and healthy, Dorothea Dix visited a women’s jail in East Cambridge, Massachusetts, to teach Sunday School.   She had heard of awful conditions there. She investigated and was especially horrified at how women declared insane were being treated. With the help of William Ellery Channing, she began working with well-known male reformers, including Charles Sumner (an abolitionist who would become a Senator), and with Horace Mann and Samuel Gridley Howe, both educators of some renown.   For a year and a half Dix visited prisons and places where the mentally ill were kept, often in cages or chained and often abused. Samuel Gridley Howe (husband of Juliet Ward Howe) supported her efforts by publishing about the need for reform of the care of the mentally ill, and Dix decided she had a cause to devote herself to.   She wrote to the state legislators calling for specific reforms, and detailing the conditions she had documented.   In Massachusetts first, then in other states including New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Maryland, Tennessee and Kentucky, she advocated for legislative reforms.   In her efforts to document, she became one of the first reformers to take social statistics seriously. In Providence, an article she wrote on the topic generated a large donation of $40,000 from a local businessman, and she was able to use this to move some of those imprisoned for mental â€Å"incompetence† to a better situation. In New Jersey and then in Pennsylvania, she won approval of new hospitals for the mentally ill. Federal and International Efforts By 1848, Dix had decided that reform needed to be federal.   After initial failure she got a bill through Congress to fund efforts to support people who were disabled or mentally ill, but President Pierce vetoed it. With a visit to England, during which she saw Florence Nightingale’s work, Dix was able to enlist Queen Victoria in studying the conditions there of the mentally ill, and won improvements in the asylums.   She moved on to working in many countries in England, and even convinced the Pope to build a new institution for the mentally ill. In 1856, Dix returned to America and worked for five more years advocating for funds for the mentally ill, both at federal and state levels. Civil War In 1861, with the opening of the American Civil War, Dix turned her efforts to military nursing.   In June of 1861, the U.S. Army appointed her as superintendent of Army nurses.   She tried to model nursing care on that of Florence Nightingale’s famous work in the Crimean War. She worked to train young women who volunteered for nursing duty.   She fought doggedly for good medical care, often coming into conflict with the physicians and surgeons.   She was recognized in 1866 by the Secretary of war for her extraordinary service. Later Life After the Civil War, Dix again devoted herself to advocating for the mentally ill. She died at age 79 in New Jersey, in the July of 1887.

The History of Semantics Free Essays

You are just going to encounter a piece of prose as you browse through the next few lines. Yes, prose is any written matter that is expressed in ordinary language as opposed to poetry that uses rhymes, meters, and imagery to convey ideas and emotions. Derived from the Latin word ‘prosa’, prose literally transforms into ‘straight-forward’. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Semantics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, you would always find prose articles to be descriptive, narrative, or explanatory. Any spoken and writing language that is expressed in a sentence without any regular rhythmic pattern is termed as prose. Say, for instance, any article that you find in a magazine is a prose narrative. Further, the latest science fiction you read is a prose. In fact, prose can be a novel, essay, short story, drama, fable, fiction, folk tale, legend, biography, hagiography, literature, myth, saga, theme, or tragedy. Learn about some of these kinds of prose writing  in detail by navigating through the following lines. Different Types Of Prose Writing Short Story A prose narrative limited to a certain word limit is defined as a short story. It generally includes descriptions, dialogues, and commentaries. However, one characteristic that distinguishes a short story from the other kinds of prose is the concentration on a compact narrative with detailed character drawing. In general, short stories are believed to have existed decades back, even before the art of writing was known to man. The oldest recorded example of a short story is considered to be the Egyptian tale of â€Å"The Two Brothers† dated around 3200 BC. Novel Similar to a short story, a novel includes uncertain information since it centers on different types and possibilities. However, the length of a novel is highly undecided due to the numerous characters and situations included in it. In short, a novel is a comprehensive narrative on a large scale, in particular. Just like short stories, novels, too, have known to exist ever since literature came into existence. Amongst all the prose kinds, the novel dominates the industry, both in terms of quality and quantity. However, considering its quantity, its only rival is the magazine short story. Prose is a form of language which applies ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow of speech rather than rhythmic structure (as in traditional poetry). While there are critical debates on the construction of prose, its simplicity and loosely defined structure has led to its adoption for the majority of spoken dialogue, factual discourse as well as topical and fictional writing. It is commonly used, for example, in literature, newspapers, magazines, encyclopedias, broadcasting, film, history, philosophy, law and many other forms of communication. A novella is a written, fictional, prose narrative normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel. The English word â€Å"novella† derives from the Italian word â€Å"novella†, feminine of â€Å"novello†, which means â€Å"new†. 1] The novella is a common literary genre in several European languages. A novella generally features fewer conflicts than a novel, yet more complicated ones than a short story. The conflicts also have more time to develop than in short stories. They have endings that are located at the brink of change. Unlike novels, they are usually not divided into chapters, and are often intended to be read at a single sitting, as the short story, although white space is often used to divide the sections. They maintain, therefore, a single effect How to cite The History of Semantics, Papers

Stress Essay Example For Students

Stress Essay The purpose of this paper is to define stress and how it effects the bodys physiological systems. This paper will include the normal functions and organs involved in the following five physiological systems, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, immune and musculoskeletal. This paper will also include a description of a chronic illness associated with each physiological system and how the illness is affected by stress. Stress means different things to different people and stress effects people in different ways. Some people think stress is something that happens to them such as an injury or a promotion and others think that stress is stress is what happens to our mind, body and behaviors in response to an event. While stress does involve events and how one responds to them these are not the critical factors, but our thoughts about the situation in which we are involved are the critical factors. Essentially, stress exists whenever homeostasis is disturbed or cannot be maintained (Stress and the Social System Course Guide, 1993). Homeostasis refers to the bodys ability to keep the internal chemical and physical environments constant. As your body begins to react to stress several changes occur. These changes include increased heart rate, blood pressure and secretion of stimulatory hormones. Ones body prepares itself in stressful situations to either stand ground and fight or to flee from the situatio n. Walter Cannon called this stressful reaction the fight-or-flight response (Greenberg, 1999). There are different ways in which one can experience stress and it is important to remember that stress is an essential part of life. Not all stressful situations are negative. Receiving a promotion at work, the birth of a child or taking a trip can all be stressful but are not threatening. The reason why one may see these situations as stressful is because they may feel unprepared to deal with them. To eliminate confusion and misuse of words Hans Selye gave names to the different types of stress one may experience, he described damaging or unpleasant experiences as distress and pleasurable or satisfying experiences are called eustress (Rice, 1999). The next part of this paper will consist of information describing the organs and the normal functions involved in five of the physiological systems in the human body. It will also include one illness associated with each system and how that i llness is affected by stress. They five physiological systems are:1. Cardiovascular SystemThe cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood and the blood vessels channel and deliver it throughout the body. The bloods work is done when it gives up what the cells need and takes away the waste products they do not need. Arteries carry blood filled with nutrients away from the heart to all parts of the body. Arteries are thick-walled tubes with a circular covering of elastic fiber, which contain muscle that absorbs pressure of a heart beat and slows blood down. The system works continuously through a network of veins and arteries to ensure that oxygenated blood, needed for all vital functions, is distributed to organs and muscles (The American Medical Womens Association Guide to Cardiovascular Health, 1997). Coronary heart disease is the major cause of cardiovascular disease, which is the number one cause of death in both men and women (The America n Medical Womens Association Guide to Cardiovascular Health, 1997).Coronary heart disease refers to the presence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the tissue of the heart, including its musculature and nervous system (Stress and the Social System Course Guide, 1993). Atherosclerosis is a condition that causes blood supply to be limited, which causes a buildup in the lining of the arteries that, narrows their openings. Two cardiologists, Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman did studies that resulted in the identification of a Type A behavior pattern. Individuals with Type A behavior patterns are, aggressive, competitive, time-urgent, hostile and often found doing things quickly or multiple tasks at once. These are all behaviors that are related to stress. Type A behavior patterns were also disproportionately represented among heart attack patients. A review of the studies has verified that a relationship does exist between Type A stress related behaviors and coronary heart disease (Greenberg, 1999). The physiological mechanisms that appear to lead from chronic stress to coronary heart disease seem to be related to increased serum cholesterol, blood pressure, blood volume and accelerated heart rate. These problems interfere with the normal flow of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart and are related to the effects of emotional stress. Stressed individuals also tend to possess habits that multiply stress on the heart such as smoking cigarettes, overeating throughout the day and lack of participation in a regular exercise program. 2. Gastrointestinal SystemThe gastrointestinal system includes the liver, gall bladder, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. The gastrointestinal system enables the body to digest and absorb nutrients from food, and protects the body from incoming allergens, toxins and metabolic waste products. The gastrointestinal system is the largest immune-reactive system in the body. Functional problems within this system can effect every other organ and system in the body. Macbeth 13 EssayMusculoskeletal SystemThe musculoskeletal system consists of bones, joints, muscles, ligaments and tendons. The human skeleton is the basic foundation of our body structure. It provides ones framework for its shape and size it also provides a portion of the locomotive system. The skeleton, supported by the muscular system, bones and joints is how the body moves and bears weight. The skeletal system also protects ones vital organs such as the brain, the heart and the lungs. The health of bones in the musculoskeletal system is important and they are effected by the amount of stress placed on them. Good muscle tone is needed to stabilize joints. Bones and muscles lose their bulk when they are not used so it is important to exercise and keep active in order to keep your musculoskeletal system healthy (The Musculoskeletal System, 1999). A common problem associated with the musculoskeletal system is temporomandibular joint disorder. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a small joint located in front of the ear where the skull and lower jaw meet. This joint allows the lower jaw to move and function properly. TMJ disorder develops when the smooth operation of this joint is interfered with. Individuals with TMJ disorder may experience a variety of problems. They may complain of earaches, headaches and limited ability to open the mouth. Individuals may also hear grating sounds and feel pain when opening and closing the mouth (The TMJ, 1998). Diagnosing TMJ disorder can be complex and may require different diagnostic procedures. The TMJ disorder is commonly caused by stress.Many patients who complain of TMJ disorder symptoms may just have muscle and joint problems. However, stress often causes increased tension and spasm to occur in the head and lower neck resulting in TMJ syndrome. The reason for this is, tension from st ress can cause people to clench or grind their teeth at night and because it frequently happens while they are sleeping many times they are often unaware that they are doing it. As a result the TMJ is subjected to wear and becomes displaced. In addition TMJ disorder can also be caused by arthritis, and arthritis may also be the result of the body having to deal with too much stress (Course Guide Stress and the Social System, 1993). In conclusion, there is definitely a correlation between the way in which one perceives stressful situations and how serious an illness may become. How one perceives a stressful event and how one reacts to it determines the impact it may have on ones health. The events in an individuals life may be seen as motivating or invigorating, or they may be seen as stressful. When events our perceived as stressful it causes one to respond in a manner that may have negative effects on their physical, mental and social well being. Constant response to stress in a negative manner causes ones health and happiness to suffer. Any illness one may experience is always worsened by the changes a body goes through due to stress.It is very important to understand ones body and the responses it may have towards stress provoking situations. One can live a happier and healthier life by learning how to handle stress more effectively.It is not reasonable for one to think that they can lead a stress free life. However, it is possible to develop strategies to minimize and control the way we perceive stressful situations. After all external events are not stressful but how we perceive them is (Stress and the Social System Course Guide, 1993). BibliographyGreenberg, Jerold S. Comprehensive Stress Management, 6th ed., Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown 1999. Kitteredge, Mary. The Respiratory System, New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishing, 1989. Nourse, M. D. Your Immune System, New York, NY: Franklin Watts, 1989. Rice, Phillip L.Stress and Health, 3rd ed., New York, NY: Brooks/Cole, 1993. The American Medical Womens Association. Guide to Cardiovascular Health, New York, NY: Dell Publishing, 1997. University of Maryland University College. Course Guide-BEHS 463: Stress and the Social System, College Park, MD: International University Consortium, 1998. Weston, M. D. Know Your Body: The Atlas of Anatomy. Berkeley, CA: Marshall Cavendish Books Limited, 1985Internet SourcesBalta, D. M. D. (1998). The TMJ: How can Such a Small Joint Cause so Much Trouble?, Online. Available: http://www.drbalta.com/tmj.htm 2/12/00. Seattle Education Project. (1993, November). STEP: The Immune System An Overview, Online. Available: http://www.thebody.com/step/immune.html 2/12/00. Byard, Terry ; Favian. (1993). The Musculoskeletal System, Online. Available: http://www.nutritionhighway.com/skeletalsys.html 2/14/00. Words/ Pages : 2,679 / 24

Spiral Model free essay sample

The spiral model combines the idea of iterative development (prototyping) with the systematic, controlled aspects of the waterfall model. It allows for incremental releases of the product, or incremental refinement through each time around the spiral. The spiral model also explicitly includes risk management within software development. Identifying major risks, both technical and managerial, and determining how to lessen the risk helps keep the software development process under control.The spiral model is based on continuous refinement of key products for requirements definition and analysis, system and software design, and implementation (the code). At each iteration around the cycle, the products are extensions of an earlier product. This model uses many of the same phases as the waterfall model, in essentially the same order, separated by planning, risk assessment, and the building of prototypes and simulations. Documents are produced when they are required, and the content reflects the information necessary at that point in the process. We will write a custom essay sample on Spiral Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All documents will not be created at the beginning of the process, nor all at the end (hopefully). Like the product they define, the documents are works in progress. The idea is to have a continuous stream of products produced and available for user review. The spiral lifecycle model allows for elements of the product to be added in when they become available or known. This assures that there is no conflict with previous requirements and design. This method is consistent with approaches that have multiple software builds and releases and allows for making an orderly transition to a maintenance activity.Another positive aspect is that the spiral model forces early user involvement in the system development effort. For projects with heavy user interfacing, such as user application programs or instrument interface applications, such involvement is helpful. Starting at the center, each turn around the spiral goes through several task regions. ?Determine the objectives, alternatives, and constraints on the new iteration. ?Evaluate alternatives and identify and resolve risk issues. ?Develop and verify the product for this iteration. ?Plan the next iteration.Note that the requirements activity takes place in multiple sections and in multiple iterations, just as planning and risk analysis occur in multiple places. Final design, implementation, integration, and test occur in iteration 4. The spiral can be repeated multiple times for multiple builds. Using this method of development, some functionality can be delivered to the user faster than the waterfall method. The spiral method also helps manage risk and uncertainty by allowing multiple decision points and by explicitly admitting that all of anything cannot be known before the subsequent activity starts.WATERFALLS CYCLE The waterfall model is a sequential design process, often used in software development processes, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing,Production/Implementation and Maintenance. The unmodified waterfall model. Progress flows from the top to the bottom, like a waterfall. The waterfall development model originates in the manufacturing andconstruction industries: highly structured physical environments in which after-the-fact changes are prohibitively costly, if not impossible.Since no formal software development methodologies existed at the time, this hardware-oriented model was simply adapted for software development. The first known presentation describing use of similar phases in software engineering was held by Herbert D. Benington at Symposium on advanced programming methods for digital computers on 29 June 1956. This presentation was about the development of software for SAGE. In 1983 the paper was republished with a foreword by Benington pointing out that the process was not in fact performed in strict top-down, but depended on a prototype.The first formal description of the waterfall model is often cited as a 1970 article by Winston W. Royce, though Royce did not use the term waterfall in this article. Royce presented this model as an example of a flawed, non-working model (Royce 1970). This, in fact, is how the term is generally used in writing about software development—to describe a critical view of a commonly used software practice. In Royces original waterfall model, the following phases are followed in order: 1. Requirements specification 2. Design 3. Construction (AKA implementation or coding) 4. Integration 5. Testing and debugging (AKA Validation) 6. Installation 7. Maintenance SDLC Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process used by a systems analyst to develop an information system, including requirements,validation, training, and user (stakeholder) ownership. Any SDLC should result in a high quality system that meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches completion within time and cost estimates, works effectively and efficiently in the current and planned Information Technology infrastructure, and is inexpensive to maintain and cost-effective to enhance.Computer systems are complex and often (especially with the recent rise of Service-Oriented Architecture) link multiple traditional systems potentially supplied by different software vendors. To manage this level of complexity, a number of SDLC models or methodologies have been created, such as waterfall; spiral; Agile software development; rapid prototyping; incremental; and synchronize and stabilize. SDLC models can be described along a spectrum of agile to iterative to sequential. Agile methodologies, such as XP and Scrum, focus on lightweight processes which allow for rapid changes along the development cycle.

How Sociology Defines Social Oppression

How Sociology Defines Social Oppression Social oppression is a concept that describes the relationship between two categories of people in which one benefits from the systematic abuse and exploitation of the other. Because social oppression is something that occurs between categories of people, it should not be confused with the oppressive behavior of individuals. In cases of social oppression, all members of the dominant and subordinate groups are involved, regardless of individual attitudes or behavior. How Sociologists Define Oppression Social oppression refers to oppression that is achieved through social means and that is social in scope- it affects whole categories of people. This kind of oppression includes the systematic mistreatment, exploitation, and abuse of a group (or groups) of people by another group (or groups). It occurs whenever one group holds power over another in society through the control of social institutions, along with societys laws, customs, and norms. The outcome of social oppression is that groups in society are sorted into different positions within the social hierarchies of race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability. Those in the controlling, or dominant group, benefit from the oppression of other groups through heightened privileges relative to others, greater access to rights and resources, a better quality of life, and overall greater life chances. Those who experience the brunt of oppression have fewer rights, less access to resources, less political power, lower economic potential, worse health and higher mortality rates, and lower overall life chances. Groups that experience oppression within the United States include racial and ethnic minorities, women, queer people, and the lower classes and the poor. Groups that benefit from oppression in the U.S. include white people (and sometimes light-skinned racial and ethnic minorities), men, heterosexual people, and the middle and upper classes. While some people are conscious of how social oppression operates in society, many are not. Oppression persists in large part by camouflaging life as a fair game and its winners as simply harder working, smarter, and more deserving of lifes riches than others. While not all of the people in dominant groups actively participate in sustaining oppression, they all ultimately benefit from it as members of society. In the U.S. and many other countries, social oppression has become institutionalized, meaning it is built into how our social institutions operate. Oppression is so normalized that it does not require conscious discrimination or overt acts of oppression to achieve its ends. This does not mean that conscious and overt acts do not occur, but rather that a system of oppression can operate without them once the oppression itself has become camouflaged within the various aspects of society. Components of Social Oppression Social oppression is produced through forces and processes that permeate all aspects of society. It is the result not only of peoples values, assumptions, goals, and practices but also of the values and beliefs reflected in organizations and institutions. Sociologists view oppression as a systemic process that is achieved through social interaction,  ideology, representation, social institutions, and the social structure. The processes that result in oppression operate at both the macro and micro levels. At the macro level, oppression operates within social institutions, including education, media, government, and the judicial system, among others. It also operates through the social structure itself, which organizes people into hierarchies of race, class, and gender. At the micro level, oppression is achieved through social interactions between people in everyday life, in which biases that work in favor of dominant groups and against oppressed groups shape how we see others, what we expect from them, and how we interact with them. What ties oppression at the macro and micro levels together is the dominant ideology- the sum total of values, beliefs, assumptions, worldviews, and goals that organize the way of life as dictated by the dominant group. Social institutions reflect this groups perspectives, experiences, and interests. As such, the viewpoints, experiences, and values of oppressed groups are marginalized and not incorporated into how social institutions operate. People who experience oppression on the basis of race or ethnicity, class, gender, sexuality, or ability often internalize the ideology that produces the oppression. They may come to believe, as society suggests, that they are inferior to and less worthy than those in dominant groups, and this, in turn, may shape their behavior. Ultimately, through this combination of macro- and micro-level means, oppression produces widespread social inequalities that disadvantage the vast majority for the benefit of the few.

Portrait Of A Dog from FAMILY GUY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Portrait Of A Dog from FAMILY GUY - Essay Example Producer, writer, MacFarlane tries to portray and explain through this episode how a dog is segregated from society despite being the closest member of a family; he wants to have a major impact on the audience by letting them know how the most loyal member of their families, who might even be the caretaker, is not taken care of and bossed about, like a slave. Upon reaching the dog show, Brian is forced by Peter to behave like the other dogs in order to win; however when Brian refuses because he feels that his dignity is at stake, Peter orders him and shouts at him. This makes Brian feel unwanted and oppressed in a way and puts him in a difficult situation. To support his position, MacFarlane has tried to draw an analogy with respect to most people belonging to society and how they are stereotyped. Then, he talks about exclusion from society for a certain section of people, and finally about how even though they are living beings and have equal rights, are not treated equally in accor dance to the laws that have been laid down, and do not even have a voice which can be heard because of the deafening noise of society in the environment. Just because Brian is a dog does not mean that he has to obey his master by sitting when his masters commands him to, or rolling and heeling when his master orders him to. Brian refuses on the grounds of having his own voice and his own wishes and dreams to fulfil; he does not want to be treated like how the other dogs are treated because he has evolved more than them and is capable of much more than just being a pet and guarding the house; Brian is a true depiction of what kind of a friend a dog can be to a man. Brian however feels unwanted and leaves Peter’s side; Peter’s ego also leaves him to himself, not going to search for the lost dog, despite his wife Lois repeatedly asking him to. In his heart Peter knows that he has made a mistake by stereotyping Brian, however, he does not give in to the fact as soon. MacFa rlane wrote this episode in order to impact his audience so that they would understand how people and animals are stereotyped; for example, when the police find Brian without a leash, they immediately turn him in, when Brian drinks from the public fountain in the park, he is frowned down upon by the other people around him and again taken in by the police as a fugitive for a crime that he has not even committed. All he asks for is to be understood by people properly who do not look at him as a dog, but as a living being with feelings, just the same as other human beings. Furthermore, when he tries to enter a supermarket or a restaurant, he is thrown out just like ‘dogs’ are, just because he is stereotyped to be a dirty and misbehaving animal. Ultimately during the courtroom scene as well, the judges, even though they give Brian a chance to explain his conduct, suddenly change their minds and ask each other â€Å"Why are we listening to a dog?† This comment howeve r hurts the other Griffin family members who by this time have realised the importance of Brian in their family – just because he is a dog does not mean that he needs to be treated like one. If he is willing to expand his intellectual horizons, then he should have the full opportunity to be treated like an equal member of the family. Peter understands that having an equal status and being treated with an equal status of the family are two different things and finally, the Griffins are able to provide the same to Brian. This is how MacFarlane achieves his

THE FACE OF GOVERMENT Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

THE FACE OF GOVERMENT - Coursework Example In America, you can be considered to be living below the poverty line and still have your basic needs taken care of. So how we define poverty in America is important to consider also. Also, we should consider that not everyone is going to spend the money they get from welfare wisely. The money could be used on things like drugs or alcohol instead of on things that will improve that person’s overall quality of life. So I believe that in order to fix the poverty problem we need to fix the unemployment problem. I hope that Social Security and Medicare will be around when it is my turn to collect but I am also not getting my hopes up. Recently the government came out with a report that projected that the Medicare trust fund for hospital care will be insolvent by 2024 and the Social Security fund will be insolvent by 2036 (â€Å"Social Security..†) There are a few things that are responsible for this: the ratio of those putting money in to Social Security to those collecting is shrinking, the rising expense of healthcare costs, our recent economic problems, and government spending. You would think that if a person is putting money into Social Security and Medicare all their lives they would easily have enough money to live on when they retire, which is why I feel that our Social Security and Medicare problems are mostly the result of mismanagement of taxpayer money and out-of-control spending by the

Wound care essentials summative assignment

Wound care essentials summative assignment Module Code: Wound Care Essentials Section 1. Search strategy Describe the strategy you used to retrieve the right resources to help you write your assignment. You must include the key words you used, the sources of your literature, the years searched and the type of literature you were looking for. Harvard (2007) stated that a well-structured literature search is an effective way to get reliable evidence on the topic being searched. The intended sources that will be use are healthcare databases, systematic review libraries and specialist organisations. In searching, keywords were created using Boolean logics AND, OR, NOT and phrases with quotations. The following are the list of keywords: Foot ulcer* CINAHL- retrieved 1842 records -COCHRANE lib retrieved 3 records PubMed retrieved- 1770 records diabetic foot ulcer* CINAHL- retrieved 844 records COCHRANE 2 records Cochrane reviews PubMed 46 records diabetes mellitus* CINAHL 54940 records PubMed 32863 records COCHRANE 0 record diabetic neuropathy* CINAHL 1003 records PubMed 802 records COCHRANE 0 IJDDC 76 records assessment tool* AND diabetic foot ulcer* CINAHL 24 results PubMed 2 results COCHRANE 0 International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries 0 manage* AND diabetic foot ulcer* CINAHL 216 results PubMed 24 results COCHRANE 0 IJJDC 0 manage* OR intervention* AND diabetic foot ulcer* CINAHL 224573 results PubMed 24 results COCHRANE 1131 results IJJDC 0 prevalence AND diabetic foot ulcer*- CINAHL 64 results PubMed 9 records COCHRANE 0 record IJJDC 11 records treatment* OR intervention* AND diabetic foot ulcer* CINAHL 316806 PubMed 33 records COCHRANE 39911 records IJDDC 5 records cost* AND diabetic foot ulcer* CINAHL 97 records PubMed 4 records COCHRANE 0 evidence base* AND diabetic foot ulcer* CINAHL 73 records PubMed 1 record COCHRANE 0 care guideline* AND diabetic foot ulcer* CINAHL- 3 records COCHRANE 0 PubMed 0 Eligible studies were identified by searching the Cochrane Library (November 8, 2010), Cochrane Wound group (2000 to November 1st week 2010), PubMed (2000 to November 1st week 2010), EBSCO CINAHL plus (2000 to November 2nd week 2010). Furthermore, reliable websites and links were used also such as www.intute.ac.uk, www.boperis.ac.uk, www.dh.gov.uk, www.library.nhs.uk, Wound Care Alliance, World Wide Wounds Electronic Journal, the Tissue Viability Society, and the International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries or www.ijddc.com. Peer reviewed and published journals were used which are reliable and reviewed by other authors. There was no restriction on language of publications. All publications were no more than 10 years old. Section 2. Wound aetiology Select a common wound type (e.g. diabetic foot ulceration, pressure ulcer, leg ulcer, fungating wound, dehisced surgical wound), which you have cared for in your role as a qualified nurse. It may help to reflect on a patient you have cared for with this type of wound. Using contemporary literature to support your work, discuss: What your chosen wound type is How this type of wound develops (including contributory factors) How this type of wound is recognised (common characteristics) Who it affects Prevalence in UK and home country Approximate word count: 800 _______________________________________________________________________________ Your answer here: One of the common types of wounds is diabetic foot ulcer. International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (2010) defined diabetic foot ulcer in their research system as a full-thickness penetration of the dermis of the foot in a person with diabetes. According to Jeffocoate and Harding (2003) diabetic foot ulceration is a common complication of diabetes and it is disabling and frequently leads to leg amputation. It usually occurs as a result of neuropathic, vascular changes of a diabetic foot, foot deformities, plantar callus and smoking (NICE, 2010). Even though the cause of diabetic peripheral neuropathy is uncertain, it is known that the nerve function of a diabetic patient degenerates in response to metabolic changes, pressure and ischaemia (Alexander, Fawcett Runciman, 2000). On the other hand, the presence of high sugar level in the blood such as sorbitol can cause osmotic swelling and subsequent damage to the nerve cell, increase the risk of vascular disease and can also give rise to neuropathy and increase the risk of infection (Falanga, 2005; Watkins, 2000). Pendsey (2010) stated that the neuropathy in diabetic patients is manifested in the motor, autonomic and sensory components of the nervous system. In motor neuropathy, the innervations of the intrinsic foot muscles are damaged that leads to an imbalance between flexion and extension of the diabetic foot. It also affects the muscles required for normal foot movement altering the distribution of forces during walking. This creates anatomic foot deformities that make abnormal bony prominences and pressure points and causing skin reactive callus at the sites of abnormal load. It then gradually causes skin breakdown and ulceration (Pendsey, 2003). In sensory neuropathy, it affects the peripheral sensation, subsequently loss of sensation that makes the patient unable to feel trauma to their lower extremities. Patient will also feel heaviness, insensitivity to heat, cold and pressure. It is estimated that 45-60% of all diabetic ulcerations are due sensory neuropathy (Frykberg, Zgonis, Armstrong et al., 2006). According to Alexander et al (2000) when mechanical forces continue to be applied on the affected area, it leads to inflammation, abscess formation and, eventually, ulceration. This is also the reason many wounds go unnoticed and get worse progressively since the affected area is continuously subjected to repetitive pressure and shear forces from ambulation and weight bearing without noticing it. In autonomic neuropathy the peripheral nerve function is affected, which controls the distribution of blood through arteriolar vessels. One of the signs and symptoms is decreased perspiration in the lower extremities which make the skin becomes dry and increasingly prone to fissures (Alexander et al. 2000). Moreover, poor blood supply to the foot or ischaemia is another significant risk factor for diabetic foot ulceration, which according to Frykberg et al. (2006) it often occurs in combination with loss of sensation and the researchers also said that an estimated 45% of diabetic ulcers are due to ischaemia and neuropathy. Diabetic foot ulcer is commonly found in areas where the abnormal pressure distribution arises from disordered foot architecture. It is usually located on hallux, first metatarsal and fifth metatarsal heads, and under the heel (Grey, Enoch Harding, 2006). The precipitating causes of foot ulceration and infection are friction in ill fitting or new shoes, untreated or self treated callus, foot injuries, burns, corn plaster, nail infections and heel friction in patients confined to bed (Watkins, 2003). According to International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) diabetes is global epidemic with devastating human, social and economic consequences. The disease claims many lives and places a severe burden on healthcare systems and economies everywhere, with the heaviest burden falling on low and middle income countries such as Philippines. It is estimated that 250 million people worldwide have diabetes, equating roughly 6% of the adult population with the age group 20-79 years. The number is expected to reach about 380 million by 2025, representing 7.1% of the adult population. This is due to the current lifestyles which is lack of exercise and not having a proper diet. A survey conducted by Morgan, Currie, Smithers, Butler and Peters (2000) revealed that foot problems occur in nearly 20% of diabetic patients. Two-thirds of lower extremity amputations are performed in diabetic patients alone, and a majority of these are preceded by a foot ulcer. Nwabudike and Ionescu-Tirgoviste (2008) set out a study to identify the clinical parameters associated with foot ulceration in diabetic patients. The study suggested that older age diabetic patient poses the risk of developing foot ulcer because of decreased ability to self care, including personal daily foot examinations. This is also a result of poor vision and impaired mobility which also predispose patients to trauma. The study also shows that most patients with ulcer were type 2 diabetic patients and this correlates with the age of the patient group. The average duration of diabetes the patients have was of 11.5 years. It is twice more common in males may be due to the active nature of the activities th at men are engaged compared to women, increasing the likelihood they may suffer from trauma. In Nwabudike (2008) research, it also showed that lack of awareness of the disease process and personal care increasing the likelihood that the ulcers may degenerate and leads to gangrene and amputation. Section 3. Wound Assessment Identify features of your chosen wound aetiology (wound type) that are commonly identified during the assessment process. Now select one of these features and critically discuss different ways of assessing this problem. You must link your discussion to the contemporary wound care literature. Here is a list of wound features commonly identified during assessment: Odour Exudate Infection Wound bed tissue e.g. slough, necrotic tissue Your discussion must make clear which aspect of wound assessment you have chosen and include an exploration of the different options available for measuring, describing and documenting it. Approximate word count: 500 Your answer here: Accurate wound assessment is essential for the appropriate and realistic planning of goals and interventions for patients with wounds (Collier, 2003). Diabetic foot wound has two classifications, the neuropathic foot ulcer and neuroischemic foot ulcer. Differentiating between these entities is essential because their complications are different and they require different therapeutic strategies (Pendsey, 2007). Neuropathic wound has no sensation and foot is warm to touch with intact pulses. The ulcerations are usually located on tips of toes and plantar surfaces under metatarsal heads. It also shows oedema, local necrosis and sepsis. On the other hand, ischaemic ulcer is painful upon rest and usually diminished sensation over period of time. Moreover, the foot is not warm to touch and has no pulse. The ulcerations are often located on margins of foot especially on the medial surface of the first metatarsophalangeal joint and over the lateral aspect of the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint. They also develop on the tips of the toes and heels. Signs of sepsis, necrosis or gangrene are also noted. An established clinical tool TIME which is adapted from Watret (2005) is being used for assessing the wound bed. The acronym stands for tissue, infection, moisture balance and advancing or undermining epithelium. Necrotic tissue, slough and eschar are non-viable tissues that can be found on diabetic ulcer that needs to be removed through debridement while the presence of epithelial tissue and granulation tissue in the wound suggests healing. The unhealthy granulation tissue often dark in colour and frequently bleeds on contact are signs of infection. Moisture in the wound bed needs to be assessed too. Moist is known to stimulate healing by promoting granulation and encouraging debridement, nevertheless, moisture balance should be maintained to prevent the wound from becoming too dry and too moist which could delay wound healing. In addition the wound edges and environment will be assessed for migrating epithelial cells which is a good sign of healing or maceration which suggest poor care. Infection is a major factor that affects the time healing of all wounds. Jeffcoate and Harding (2003) said that infection can cause substantial deterioration and delay wound healing. Infection is an invasion and growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the body. Diabetic foot infection is divided in three categories: superficial and local, soft tissue and spreading or cellulitis, and osteomyelitis (Jeffcoate Harding, 2003). The classic signs of infection are: heat, redness, swelling and pain. Other signs such as increase exudates, delayed healing, odour, and abnormal granulating tissue are also suggesting infection (Grey et al, 2006). Cutting et al (2005) and Edmonds (2005) used a checklist for identifying infection in diabetic foot ulcers. In the checklist, there are four areas; under it are the signs and a box opposite to it to check if certain signs are present. Clinical signs of infection: Cellulitis- acute inflammation of tissue lymphangitis phlegmon- purulent exudate pus/abscess crepitus in the joint erythema increase in exudates volume localised pain malodour probes to bone. Systematic signs of infection: Nausea Fatigue Vomiting Fever chills Probe to bone test: bone palpated no bone involvement Wound culture: wound swab required wound biopsy required. Furthermore, the wound infection continuum of Gary, White, Cooper and Kingsleys (2005; 2010) is also use to measure the extinct of infection. It is also a useful adjunct in identification of treatment objectives. The scoring is from 3-0; score of 3 means spreasing infection and 0 is colonised. Moreover, Gray et al (2010) also have the wound exudates continuum; it identifies presence of infection since excessive exudates suggest infections. Section 4. Wound Management Using the same wound feature that you identified in Section 3; critically discuss the different ways there are of managing this problem. Your discussion must include: The different types of wound care dressings, products and treatments that could be used to manage this problem Other appropriate/related aspects of patient care such as nutrition and positioning How the patient experience can be improved Now select one of your identified dressings and answer the questions in the product information table below: Product information table Name of dressing (the company name) AQUACEL Ag Hydrofiber (Convatec, Hull, UK) Category of dressing (the generic name) Hydrofiber Wound Dressing with Ionic Silver Indications for use Use on acute and chorin wounds, including burns, surgical wounds, diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, and leg ulcers Contra-indications Aquacel Ag Hydrofiber should not be used on individuals who are sensitive to or who have had an allergic reaction to the dressing and its components such as Na Carboymethylcellolose and silver. Its not compatible with oil-based products, such as petrolatum jelly. Sizes available 2x 2, 4x4.7, 6x6, 8x12, 75x18, 39x18 Adhesive or non-adhesive? Non-adhesive dressing Secondary dressing needed required Moisture retentive dressing such as DuoDERM Extra Thin or Versiva Approximate word count: 1000 Your answer here: Management of diabetic foot ulcers are removal of callus, eradication of infection, and reduction of weight bearing forces, often requiring bed rest with the foot raised (Alexander, Fawcett Runciman, 2000). A large proportion of patients with diabetic foot ulceration will develop infection, including osteomyelitis or bone infection and gangrene (OMeara et al, 2006; McIntosh, 2007). An infected diabetic ulcer needs immediate medical attention. Jude (2007) stated that infection is a major factor that delays wound healing of a diabetic ulcer. It may be necessary to undertake surgical debridement and drainage of pus. Then a wound swab will be taken from the floor of the ulcer after the callus has been removed. A culture of the excised tissue may provide more accurate information (Watkins, 2003). This will help identify the infective microorganisms and the appropriate antibiotic therapy to be given (Alexander et al., 2000). According to Watkins (2003) patients with superficial ulcer infection can be treated with oral antibiotics such as amoxicillin, flucloxacillin and metronidazole. Since the most likely organisms to infect superficial ulcer are staphylococci, streptococci, and sometimes anaerobes. For patients with deep infections should be hospitalised and started on broad-sprectrum antibiotics. Surgical debridement should then be carried out, which should include all the devitalised tissues, sloughed tendons, and infected bones. Jude (2007) said that diabetic foot ulcers generally have multiple organisms isolated from within the wound and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important vancomycin and teicoplanin can be given to patients infected with MRSA. Anyhow, linezolid can be an alternative which can be administered orally. Furthermore, various topical antimicrobials, antiseptics, and antibiotics have been used also in treating infected diabetic foot ulcer. Topical antibiotics like neomycin, bacitracin, neomycin, gentamycin, polymyxin B, mupiricin, fusidic acid, and topical antiseptics are also used in infected foot ulcers. Although antiseptics and antibiotics are widely used, there is insufficient evidence for their use in diabetic foot ulcers (Jude, 2007). Lipsky, Holroyd Zasloff (2008) studies showed that pexiganan cream can be used as an effective alternative to oral antibiotic therapy in treating mildly infected diabetic foot ulcer and might decrease the risk of selecting antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Dressings also play an important role in managing infected diabetic foot ulcers. There are various dressings available in the market nowadays. The selection of a dressing will depend on the condition of the ulcer. Most infected diabetic foot ulcers produce copious amount of exudates and pus. Dressings are used to control exudates, maintain a moist wound healing environment and eradicated the microorganisms that cause infection. The appropriate dressings for infected wounds with exudates are foam, alginates, hydrofiber, and hydrocolloids that are combined with silver ion. Silver has been shown to have bactericidal properties and has been used in wounds as an antimicrobial for more than century. It acts by impairing the bacterial electron transport system and some of its DNA function. It kills the microbes on contact through multiple mechanism of action, such as inhibiting cellular respiration, denaturing nucleic acids, and altering cellular membrane permeability. Nowadays, Silver ions have been incorporated in hydrofiber, foam, hydrocolloid, and alginate dressings (Bergin Wraight, 2006). Concreet Foam dressings with silver can be used during inflammatory phase following debridement and desloughing. It also kills microorganisms on the wounds. It is very absorbent that can be left undisturbed for 3-4 days. However, it can cause a drying effect on the wound if there are too little exudates. Hydrofiber dressings such as Aquacel Ag absorb the exudates, protecting the edges of the wounds from maceration at the same time kills the bacteria in the wound. Alginate dressings is use as a primary dressing and for packing wound, it is good for deeply ulcerated wound with high exudates. Another dressing is hydrocolloid; it is best use on wounds with granulating and epithelialising wounds that with low to moderate amounts of exudates. The primary dressings therefore should be either foam-based such as Contreet foam (Coloplast;Humlebaek, Denmark) or hydrofiber AQAg (Aquacel Ag; Convatec, Chester,UK), both of which will absorb the exudates. A moisture retentive dressing can be used as a secondary dressing such as DuoDERM Extra Thin or Versiva. One advantage with the hydrofiber dressing is its capacity to hold wound exudates and microorganisms within its fibres where the bacteria are then eradicated by the ionic silver (Jude, 2007). In addition, the used of hydrofiber dressing in exudating wounds has been proven with research. Jude also implied to improved outcomes in infected diabetic foot ulcers and ulcers that are colonised, one should consider silver dressings as an essential adjunct to wound care to improve its wound bed and to facilitate healing. Studies also revealed that patients treated with AQAg primary dressing showed improved healing and more overall ulcer improvement with less deterioration in the ulcer. Once the acute situation has resolved it will be necessary to ensure redistribution of the weight-bearing forces on the vulnerable foot by the use of specially constructed shoes or moulded insoles. Application of a total contact plaster cast, lightweight scotch cast boot, or air cast boots may help healing. These conform to the contours of the foot, thereby reducing shear forces on the plantar surface. Great care must be taken, especially with the fitting of plasters, to prevent chafing and subsequent ulcer formation elsewhere on the foot or ankle (Watkins, 2003). If recurrence of neurophatic ulceration is to be avoided, regular follow-up by a chiropodist will be required. An ongoing podiatry to remove excess callus and provide nail care regular assessment, look for active lesions and treat immediately, detect and manage deformities, callus, skin cracks, and discoloration, simple sensory test, examine pulses such as dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial, assess ankle reflex and assess other sensory modalities (Alexander, Fawcett Runciman, 2000). The patients experience will be improved by having a highly structured care. The patients infected ulcer shows healing improvement and prevent from amputation. Understanding the diabetic foot, the proper examination of the patients feet, investigations to classify the foot ulcers, and proper management techniques using a team approach, along with preventive steps, will go a long way in limb salvage and prevention of foot amputation (Pendsey, 2010). Section 5. Evidence based guidance Identify a contemporary source of evidence based guidance (i.e. a clinical guideline) which could be used as a basis for providing a high standard of care to patients with this type of wound. Critically discuss how the guidance given in this document might influence your nursing practice including whether you believe there are any omissions or recommendations made that would be difficult to manage in your own clinical setting (Phillipines). You must clearly state the full reference of your chosen guideline document and link your work to other healthcare literature where appropriate. Approximate word count: 500 Your answer here:

Psy ch

The following are all examples of descriptive research EXCEPT: (Points : case studies. Correlation research design. Naturalistic observations. Surveys. Question 2. 2. A scientist studied whether climate affected growth in rats. All rats were the same age and from the same parent rats. For the study, they were raised in three distinct climates: tropical, arctic, and multinationals. In this study, the climates are categorical variables . (Points : 1) dependent variables independent variables extraneous variables Question 3. . Changes based on biological and psychological forces are functions of roommate age-graded influences cultural and age-graded Influences normative and cultural influences biological and cultural influences Question 4. 4. Professor stone follows patterns as they relate to human habitats, development, and behaviors. She is an evolutionist an ideologist a behavioral a cognitive Question 5. 5. In a hypothetical study, researchers found that 5. 7 out of 10 people prefer red dogs to cats.These data results are statistically significant statistically insignificant statistically relevant statistically Indeterminable Question 6. 6. Surveys: (Points : 1) are self-reporting and always reliable. FIFO reporting and may result in dishonest or unreliable results. Returns with reliable results. Question 7. 7. The Law of Effect is the foundation for psychodrama theory psychosocial theory behavioral theory ecological systems theory provide nearly 100% Question 8. 8. You have observed and noted the behaviors of one learner in your classroom, who you believe to have a learning disability.You take detailed notes over a designated period of time, with time and date stamps identifying significant reference markers, improvements, or other changes in learning achievement and behaviors. By following this protocol you have conducted empirical study a case study a phenomenological study a comparison study Question 9. 9. Thomas is a teacher who guides his students gradual ly and only as they require. His students' learning grows on the foundational building blocks in a scaffolding fashion within a zone of proximal development. Thomas adheres to the reciprocal process as theorized by Freud Bandeau Woos KY Erikson Question 10. 0. Many people believe that vaccines cause autism. This is an example of a proven theory an inaccurate theory a folk theory a research theory Question 1 1. 11 . Gender is a social construct referencing cultural behavioral expectations for men and women. (Points : 1) True False Question 12. 12. Is a theorist who believed in a psychosocial model in (Points : 1) Frontbencher Question 13. 13. When evaluating sources, the following is true: (Points : 1) Begin with wick sources as the first step. You can always rely on governmental or educational sources. Blobs and news sources are rarely sufficient for academic study.Skepticism is not always accessory. Question 14. 14. Psychosocial development considers personality, social, and emotio nal factors temperament, cognitive, and physical factors emotional, temperament, and cognitive factors temperament, social, and cognitive factors Question 15. 15. Puberty is a function of development physical development maturation emotional development psychosocial Question 16. 16. Jenny is a single mother of three, whose children range between the ages of 6 and 16. She has decided to return to school at the age of 45. Her circumstances are examples of graded influences normative influences roommate maturation Question 17. 7. Cognition refers to the way about other people normative history- . (Points : 1) people think people process language, thought, and problem solving people believe in intelligence people use mnemonic devices for memory Question 18. 18. In a hypothetical study on the effects of aging in older adults, 100 a representative sample an aggregate sample an age-appropriate sample a random sample Question 19. 19. A researcher studied children and noticed that most advan ced in a fixed set of maturational or developmental stages, and that they were predictable by hierological age rather than in a relative or variable sequence.The researcher's hypothesis reflects the theory of Pigged Question 20. 20. By the statement, â€Å"Stages of adult development are social constructs,† the text means that consistent across cultures life stages are development is linked to chronological age each culture or society identifies markers, which may or may not be consistent with chronological age, for maturation or adult development maturation markers are consistent with chronological age across all cultures, regarding maturation or adult development

Africa’s growing concern Essay

Whoever ignites the flames of hate has succeeded considerably. Hatred has become a way of life for many people around the world. People envy other people and create hatred to those of better lives. But no human being is prepared for what the African continent actually reveals. The persecution of unwanted individuals is prevalent in this part of the earth. Poverty hounds Africa no end. The life there is very hard and disturbing. The place is filled with chaos and turmoil. No stability is in sight. The entire world is currently alarmed over the high incidence of death within its population. Countries over the years have pledged support to the stagnant economy of the African nation. All means of contribution have been given to the poor continent. But in spite of the continued aid, there seems to be no hope of rising within the nation. Africa has shoved itself into a hole so deep that the possibility of becoming buried is never a remote idea in the future. Men, women and children agonize over their situations. Food and resources are hard to come by. Thousands die of starvation annually. But more than that, countless people become victims of unnecessary violence. World leaders and governments around the globe have, time and again, met and discuss the events in Africa numerous times. Like a disease, the social demise of its population has been a primary concern for many nationalities worldwide. People are dying every minute. The media has played a vital role in revealing the abuses and brutalities of people. All eyes are focused on this place where individuals have disregarded the value of human life. The carnage continues, and will continue unless a swift and effective solution will be unveiled. There is a sense of urgency for the world’s leading governments to address the destruction of human dignity in Africa. However, in spite of the launching of countless humanitarian missions to solve the nation’s woes, death and suffering lingers on. Billions have been spent on relief operations but the social problem remains undefeated. The casualty toll piles up. The killing spree goes unsuppressed. And the rest of the world watches dumbfounded. It only shows that governments and its people are not doing enough to find answers to the African problem. Although food and the lack of basic needs is the primary concern among the African people, it is violence that must be silenced. Several decades of gun running and smuggling within the continent have only brought death to many citizens. As long as the armaments keep on coming, peace will remain to be an elusive and distant dream. The social instability in the African nation is about power. Individuals and their clans grapple for control. Gaining that momentum to hold every move in the tumultuous society means having the arms and weapons to subject everyone to their every word. The world is stretching its influence into every corner of the continent. But sadly, the troubled nation drives off the chance and rare opportunity to rebuild its communities. It is ironic that a very poor place can summon the strength to annihilate all intervening parties out of their motherland. Events are bleak. The panic button has been set. But with all the dangers and the deaths, Africans have little regard for the needs of their nation. Women and children go elsewhere to find peace. War escalates and the streets are stained with blood. If the world is keen on finding the answers to the growing social menace in Africa, analysts should dig deeper to gain a full and total understanding of the situation among its people. The United Nations must be aware to the motives and intentions of the African people. All along, the entire globe has only addressed the needs of the poor continent. The real reason for the chaos remains undetermined, and therefore, unsolved. Turmoil will continue to rob the African nation of its dream of peace and stability. With a disorganized crowd and a selfish government, senseless killings and looting will be around for a long time.

Traditional Gender Roles During The United States - 835 Words

On a different note, Schmitz and Sarah (1998) examined traditional gender roles among men and women in the United States as well as in Mexico. The study revealed distinct differences between traditional gender roles perceptions held by Americans and Mexicans. The authors state that family settings in Mexico have been characterized by a dominance of the husband. The women are expected to make sacrifices for the sake of their families. They engage in household chores while the men are tasked with the role of providing income to the family. Some of the ultimate sacrifices that the women have to make include: the acquisition of education, development of careers, and having a social life. On the other hand, men enjoy all these rights as their work is majorly within the public sphere and their involvement with their family’s actual functioning is minimal. Due to Mexicans’ beliefs that gender roles stabilize families, they believe that â€Å"men should play the role of decisi on makers while women should play the roles of homemakers and family caretakers† (Schmitz Sarah, 1998, p.140). On the other hand, the study found out that gender roles in the U.S were not generally delineated according to gender since they are more focused on the attainment of gender equity. Therefore, household chores can be done by either gender. However, the general trend was that women mostly performed household chores especially in households where both the husband and the wife were professionally working.Show MoreRelatedThe Combat For Women s Rights1181 Words   |  5 Pagesdecades, women in the United States and all around the world have struggled to be considered equivalent to men, both at home and in the workplace. Women have struggled with voting rights, less pay, lower positions in the workplace, and responsibility of maintaining household chores. 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