International Joint venture Essay

Worldwide Joint Ventures (IJVs) are getting progressively mainstream in the business world as they help organizations to frame key unions. These vital collusions permit organizations to increase upper hand through access to a partner’s assets, including markets, advancements, capital and individuals. Global Joint Ventures are seen as a down to earth vehicle for information move, for example, innovation move, from worldwide skill to neighborhood organizations, and such information move can add to the presentation improvement of nearby organizations. Inside IJV’s at least one of the gatherings is found where the activities of the IJV happen and furthermore include a neighborhood and outside organization. Fundamental Elements of an IJV Legally binding Agreement. IJVs are set up by express agreements that comprise of at least one understandings including at least two people or associations and that are gone into for a particular business reason. Explicit Limited Purpose and Duration. IJVs are framed for a particular business objective and can have a constrained life expectancy or be long haul. IJVs are regularly settled for a restricted term on the grounds that (a) the integral exercises include a constrained measure of advantages; (b) the corresponding resources have just a restricted assistance life; as well as (c) the correlative creation exercises will be of just restricted adequacy. Joint Property Interest. Each IJV member contributes property, money, or different resources and hierarchical capital for the quest for a typical and explicit business reason. In this way, an IJV isn't only a legally binding relationship, but instead the commitments are made to a recently framed business undertaking, generally an enterprise, restricted obligation organization, or association. In that capacity, the members procure a joint property enthusiasm for the advantages and topic of the IJV. Explanations behind Forming a Joint Venture There are numerous inspirations that lead to the development of a JV. They include: Hazard Sharing †Risk sharing is a typical motivation to shape a JV, especially, in profoundly capital serious ventures and in businesses where the significant expenses of item improvement equivalent a high probability of disappointment of a specific item. Economies of Scale †If an industry has high fixed costs, a JV with a bigger organization can give the economies of scale important to contend all around and can be a successful route by which two organizations can pool assets and accomplish minimum amount. Market Access †For organizations that come up short on an essential comprehension of clients and the relationship/framework to disperse their items to clients, shaping a JV with the correct accomplice can give moment access to built up, productive and viable dissemination channels and responsive client bases. This is critical to an organization on the grounds that making new conveyance channels and recognizing new client bases can be incredibly troublesome, tedious and costly exercises. Geological Constraints †When there is an appealing business opportunity in a remote market, banding together with a neighborhood organization is alluring to an outside organization in light of the fact that entering a remote market can be troublesome both as a result of an absence of involvement with such market and nearby hindrances to outside possessed or remote controlled organizations. Subsidizing Constraints †When an organization is defied with high straightforward improvement costs, finding the privilege JVP can furnish fundamental financing and believability with outsiders. Advantages A large number of the advantages related with International Joint Ventures are that they give organizations the chance to get new limit and ability and they permit organizations to go into related business or new geographic markets or get new innovative information. Moreover, International Joint Ventures are much of the time have a short life expectancy, permitting organizations to make transient duties instead of long haul responsibilities. Through International Joint Ventures, organizations are offered chances to build overall revenues, quicken their income development, produce new items, grow to new local markets, increase money related help, and offer researchers or different experts that have one of a kind aptitudes that will profit the organizations. Structure Global Joint Ventures are created when two organizations cooperate to meet a particular objective. For instance, Company An and Company B initially start by distinguishing and choosing an IJV accomplice. This procedure includes a few stages, for example, statistical surveying, accomplice search, assessing choices, dealings, business valuation, business arranging, and due ingenuity. These means are taken on by each organization. There are likewise legitimate techniques included, for example, IJV understanding, auxiliary understandings, and administrative endorsements. When this procedure is finished, the IJV Company is framed and during this last method the means taken are arrangement and the board. The executives There are two kinds of International Joint Ventures: prevailing guardian and shared administration. Inside prevailing guardian IJV’s, all undertakings are overseen by one parent who settles on all the useful chiefs for the endeavor. The governing body, which is comprised of officials from each parent, likewise assumes a key job in dealing with the endeavor by settling on all the working and key choices. A predominant parent undertaking is advantageous where an International Joint Venture parent is chosen for reasons outside of administrative info. Fund At the point when at least two accomplices get together and structure an International Joint Venture understanding, they should choose at an opportune time with respect to what the monetary structure will involve as this will help in the board and control. A portion of the means incorporate building up the capital required to begin the IJV, the effect of making sure about a solid key union accomplice, and budgetary announcing. When a course of action is made, a duty arranged joint endeavor will be made which will help in augmenting the after-expense forms. Elements influencing IJV Monetary Factors Poor arrangement and arranging Issues that emerge in joint endeavors are as a rule because of lack of common sense or the gatherings included being too rushed to even think about setting up shop. For instance, an advertising technique may come up short if an item was unseemly for the joint endeavor or if the gatherings included neglected to fittingly asses the elements included . Gatherings must focus on a few examination both of the earth and clients they would like to work in. Inability to do this sets off an awful tone for the endeavor, making future issues. Surprising poor budgetary execution Perhaps the quickest ways for a joint endeavor is money related debates between parties. This normally happens when the budgetary exhibition is less fortunate than anticipated either because of poor deals, cost overwhelms or others. Poor budgetary execution could likewise be because of lack of foresight by the gatherings before setting up a joint endeavor, inability to move toward the market with adequate administration proficiency and unforeseen changes in the market circumstance. A decent answer for this is to assess money related circumstances exhaustive previously and during very advance of the joint endeavor. The executives issues Probably the most serious issue of joint endeavors is the insufficient mixing of chiefs who are not used to cooperating of have altogether various methods of moving toward issues influencing the association. Many joint endeavors fall apart because of misconception over initiative techniques. For an effective joint endeavor, there hosts be understanding and bargain between gatherings, regard and mix of the qualities of the two sides to conquer the more fragile focuses and make their coalition more grounded. Improper administration structure In an offer to have equivalent rights in the endeavor, there could be an oddball of administrators. Accordingly, there is a significant stoppage of dynamic procedures. Day by day operational choices that are best made rapidly for more productivity of the business will in general be eased back down on the grounds that there is presently a ‘committee’ that is set up to ensure the two gatherings bolster each and every choice. This could occupy from the master plan prompting serious issues over the long haul. Societies Factors At the point when a joint endeavor is framed, it is artistically an endeavor at mixing at least two societies in the desire for utilizing on the quality of each gathering. Absence of comprehension of the way of life of the individual gatherings represents a gigantic issue if not tended to. A typical issue in these multi-social undertakings is that the way of life isn't considered in their underlying arrangement. It is normally expected that the social issues will be tended to later when the new unit has been made. For the most part, bargains are reached and certain social from the gatherings are kept on while others will be others are either out appropriately disposed of or adjusted. Upsides and downsides for IJV The joint endeavor is turning into a well known path for organizations that re-appropriate their tasks to hold a bit of the proprietorship pie. The production of another legitimate element during the dispatch of a joint endeavor accompanies a lot of good and bad times. On the in addition to side: Joint endeavors empower organizations to share innovation and integral IP resources for the creation and conveyance of imaginative merchandise and enterprises. Joint endeavors can be utilized to decrease political rubbing and improve neighborhood/national agreeableness of the organization. Joint endeavors may give expert information on nearby markets, passage to required channels of circulation, and access to provisions of crude materials, government agreements and neighborhood creation offices. In a developing number of nations, joint endeavors with have governments have gotten progressively significant. These might be shaped straightforwardly with State-claimed undertakings or coordinated toward national bosses. On the less side: A significant issue is that joint endeavors are hard to incorporate into a worldwide procedure that includes generous cross-

My Leadership Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Leadership Style - Essay Example As indicated by the course book Generalist Practice with Organization and Communities, composed by Karen Ashman and Grafton Hull, driving involves â€Å"working with different frameworks, regardless of whether people, families, gatherings, associations, or communities†(K., and H., 2008). As far as the working environment, authority is a key segment in guaranteeing an organization’s achievement. A piece of guaranteeing this achievement is a leader’s capacity to impart adequately. Inside the article, â€Å"Ingredients of a Good Leader, correspondence has a few purposes. In the event that a pioneer is a decent communicator, they will have the option to save a positive domain for their team(Andolsen, 2008). This is because of the way that compelling correspondence will kill disarray. As far as I can tell, I have managed ventures where no one recognized what their job was or what they should do. As a pioneer, I sat everybody down and plainly illuminated what their ow n individual assignment was and how it would interconnect to the general task. The capacity to administer can be a somewhat dull and troublesome assignment. It is difficult to realize how hands on to be or how hands off to be. A cautious equalization must be struck and a decent pioneer will have the option to distinguish that balance. There are a couple of key territories that a pioneer must be adroit at when overseeing others. Andolsen uncovers that having the option to perceive a person’s capacities, designating assignments, and the capacity to set measures and order are significant factors in being effective at supervising(Andolsen, 2008). Designation is the place the pioneer gives out undertakings that must be practiced. Appointment goes connected at the hip with perceiving someone’s capacities. On the off chance that an individual is especially solid in one territory, the pioneer should attempt to appoint assignments to this individual that will play on those equi valent qualities. As far as I can tell, I have been responsible for a couple of activities, both scholastic and expert, where I expected to hand over the rules to someone else and oversee their advancement. It is hard to do in such a case that they mess up, the flaw stays with the boss. At long last, a great head should have the option to fill in as a group. This is like showing others how its done in that the group should have the option to see the pioneer in a progressively equivalent position. Collaboration is another approach to do this. The initial phase in this procedure is to make a â€Å"spirit of cooperation. Andolsen characterizes this as â€Å"the conviction that there is an incentive in the work being done and that it must be practiced by a helpful cooperative energy among group members†(Andolsen, 2008). In a feeling of cooperation, everybody in the group must feel that they are a significant resource and are of worth. Cooperation and the soul of collaboration ca n likewise decide how well the pioneer and their group will cooperate. In the article entitled, â€Å"Generosity and the Moral Imagination in the Practice of Teamwork† the significance of cooperation is examined. â€Å"We should ponder the talks inside which we work and how needs are evaluated and spoken to on the grounds that these effect†¦ trust, relational connections, and†¦ultimately meeting staff needs†(Arber, 2009). At the point when a pioneer can effectively consolidate a feeling of cooperation, they are likely going to fortify their group regarding having the option to meet objectives and furthermore to ingrain a synergistic inclination for their group. So as to persuade others to finish their objectives, it is essential to show others how its done. Inside the article enti

Field Work Example

Field Work Example Field Work â€" Assignment Example > Homelessness and Domestic Violence against Women in Australia: Literature ReviewDefinition of domestic violence and homelessness There are debates in the research community regarding the most appropriate definition of domestic violence. These debates have been informed by the fact that domestic violence bears close resemblance to other forms of violence (Wilcox, 2006). In addition, definition of domestic violence by justice systems differs from one country to another. The different definitions offer varying, and sometimes contradictory and or overlapping definition of this concept. Nonetheless, the various definitions have been adopted in research literature and provide a basis for systematic inquiries into this important social issue. For the purpose of this literature review, domestic violence is defined as any form of abuse of power and privileges perpetrate by one partner in the context of an intimate relationship (Rollins, Glass Perrin et al, 2012). Homelessness refers to a situation where individuals lack suitable accommodation or habitation. Homelessness is characterized by individuals living in places that are not fit for human habitation, in transitioning accommodations in emergence shelter or in institutions of temporal residence. According to Galano, Hunter and Howell (2013), domestic violence is a leading cause of homelessness in Australia. This occurs when one partner attempts to assert financial, physical, social emotional or psychological control, forcing the other partner to move out of the relationship. Although domestic violence takes different forms, the most common ones are sexual and physical assault, social and emotional abuse, economic deprivation and threats of intimidation. When women leave abusive relationships, they often have nowhere to go, which forces them to be homeless at least for a while. Statistics indicate that at least 50% of all homeless children and women in Australia are victims of domestic violence. Theoretical fra meworks on domestic violence and homelessness A review of literature on domestic violence shows that diverse theoretical models have been adopted to explain the relationship between domestic violence and homelessness. Feminist, psychological sociological and systems theories have been recognized in an attempt to explain violence in intimate relationships. The psychological perspective views domestic violence as a medical problem, implying that abusive men suffer from mental illnesses that cause them to adopt violent behaviors. In effect, the psychological perspective reduces abusers’ accountability for the homelessness (Chamberlain, Johnson Robinson, 2014). Among the various psychological theories that have been examined, the social learning theory has been consistently cited in domestic violence literature. This theory suggests that human behaviors can be learned by observing and emulating others to avoid punishment or get rewards. With regards to the motivations for domestic v iolence, social learning theory posits that violent behaviors are acquired during childhood by observing parents, movie characters and violent people in society. As children grow, they internalize the violent behaviors and start to act violently towards their spouses when they become adults. Research shows that children from abusive relationships are more likely to be abusive as adults, which invariably results in homelessness (O’campo, Daoud, Hamilton-Wright Dunn, 2016). Studies have shown that although the psychological perspective can correctly explain some aspects of domestic violence, it offers a limited explanation of all patterns of domestic violence. Heaven (2009), for example, found that not all domestically violent men exhibit violent behaviors in other social contexts such as the workplace. Other studies show men with normal states of mind can be violent towards their spouses (Chamberlain, Johnson Robinson, 2014). These findings have led researchers to discredit psy chological perspective as being too narrow and insignificant in explaining the relationship between homelessness and domestic violence.

Analysis Of David Hanson s Carnage And Culture Essay

Question2: In Carnage and Culture Victor David Hanson expressed a slanted perspective about the crucial battles in western history in order to support his theory that western militaristic strategies are superior to alternative forms of warfare. He fostered his sentiments by explaining how specific battle tactics can unify or divide a nation in a matter of moments. However, his reference to the concept that western warriors continuously triumph in war, is expressed in a manner that does not fully evaluate both perspectives of the conflict. Hanson alluded to the message behind Carnage and Culture when he stated â€Å"a sense of personal freedom, superior discipline, matchless weapons, egalitarian camaraderie, individual initiative, constant tactical adaptations, and flexibility, preference for shock battle of heavy infantry— were themselves the murderous dividend of Hellenic culture at large†¦ Yet for the past 2,500 years— even in the Dark Ages, well before the â₠¬Å"Military Revolution,† and not simply as a result of the Renaissance, the European discovery of the Americas, or the Industrial Revolution— there has been a peculiar practice of Western warfare, a common foundation and continual way of fighting, that has made Europeans the most deadly soldiers the history of civilizations (Hanson 5-6).† Although Hanson is able to give an overview of valuable battles that express western confidence and reflect the west’s brutal military tactics that established the region as an unstoppableShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of David Hanson s Carnage And Culture Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion2: In Carnage and Culture, Victor David Hanson expressed a slanted perspective about the crucial battles in western history in order to support his theory that western militaristic strategies are superior to alternative forms of warfare. He fostered his sentiments by explaining how specific battle tactics can unify or divide a nation in a matter of moments. However, his reference to the concept that western warriors continuously triumph in war, is expressed in a manner that does not fullyRead MoreIslamic Way of warfare23558 Words   |  95 Pages Major Intekhab Haider Khan 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORG REPORT NUMBER U.S. Army Command and General Staff College ATTN: ATZL-SWD-GD Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-2301 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 13Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

Dorothea Dix, Advocate for the Mentally Ill

Dorothea Dix was born in Maine in 1802.   Her father was a minister, and he and his wife raised Dorothea and her two younger brothers in poverty, sometimes sending Dorothea to Boston to her grandparents. After studying at home, Dorothea Dix became a teacher when she was 14 years old.   When she was 19 she started her own girls’ school in Boston.   William Ellery Channing, a leading Boston minister, sent his daughters to the school, and she became close to the family.   She also became interested in the Unitarianism of Channing.   As a teacher, she was known for strictness.   She used her grandmother’s home for another school, and also started a free school, supported by donations, for poor children. Struggling With Her Health At 25 Dorothea Dix became ill with tuberculosis, a chronic lung disease.   She quit teaching and focused on writing while she was recovering, writing mainly for children.   The Channing family took her with them on retreat and on vacations, including to St. Croix.   Dix, feeling somewhat better, returned to teaching after a few years, adding into her commitments the care of her grandmother.   Her health again seriously threatened, she went to London in hopes that would help her recovery.   She was frustrated by her ill health, writing â€Å"There is so much to do†¦.† While she was in England, she became familiar with efforts at prison reform and better treatment of the mentally ill.   She returned to Boston in 1837 after her grandmother died and left her an inheritance that allowed her to focus on her health, but now with an idea in mind of what to do with her life after her recovery. Choosing a Path to Reform In 1841, feeling strong and healthy, Dorothea Dix visited a women’s jail in East Cambridge, Massachusetts, to teach Sunday School.   She had heard of awful conditions there. She investigated and was especially horrified at how women declared insane were being treated. With the help of William Ellery Channing, she began working with well-known male reformers, including Charles Sumner (an abolitionist who would become a Senator), and with Horace Mann and Samuel Gridley Howe, both educators of some renown.   For a year and a half Dix visited prisons and places where the mentally ill were kept, often in cages or chained and often abused. Samuel Gridley Howe (husband of Juliet Ward Howe) supported her efforts by publishing about the need for reform of the care of the mentally ill, and Dix decided she had a cause to devote herself to.   She wrote to the state legislators calling for specific reforms, and detailing the conditions she had documented.   In Massachusetts first, then in other states including New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Maryland, Tennessee and Kentucky, she advocated for legislative reforms.   In her efforts to document, she became one of the first reformers to take social statistics seriously. In Providence, an article she wrote on the topic generated a large donation of $40,000 from a local businessman, and she was able to use this to move some of those imprisoned for mental â€Å"incompetence† to a better situation. In New Jersey and then in Pennsylvania, she won approval of new hospitals for the mentally ill. Federal and International Efforts By 1848, Dix had decided that reform needed to be federal.   After initial failure she got a bill through Congress to fund efforts to support people who were disabled or mentally ill, but President Pierce vetoed it. With a visit to England, during which she saw Florence Nightingale’s work, Dix was able to enlist Queen Victoria in studying the conditions there of the mentally ill, and won improvements in the asylums.   She moved on to working in many countries in England, and even convinced the Pope to build a new institution for the mentally ill. In 1856, Dix returned to America and worked for five more years advocating for funds for the mentally ill, both at federal and state levels. Civil War In 1861, with the opening of the American Civil War, Dix turned her efforts to military nursing.   In June of 1861, the U.S. Army appointed her as superintendent of Army nurses.   She tried to model nursing care on that of Florence Nightingale’s famous work in the Crimean War. She worked to train young women who volunteered for nursing duty.   She fought doggedly for good medical care, often coming into conflict with the physicians and surgeons.   She was recognized in 1866 by the Secretary of war for her extraordinary service. Later Life After the Civil War, Dix again devoted herself to advocating for the mentally ill. She died at age 79 in New Jersey, in the July of 1887.

The History of Semantics Free Essays

You are just going to encounter a piece of prose as you browse through the next few lines. Yes, prose is any written matter that is expressed in ordinary language as opposed to poetry that uses rhymes, meters, and imagery to convey ideas and emotions. Derived from the Latin word ‘prosa’, prose literally transforms into ‘straight-forward’. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Semantics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, you would always find prose articles to be descriptive, narrative, or explanatory. Any spoken and writing language that is expressed in a sentence without any regular rhythmic pattern is termed as prose. Say, for instance, any article that you find in a magazine is a prose narrative. Further, the latest science fiction you read is a prose. In fact, prose can be a novel, essay, short story, drama, fable, fiction, folk tale, legend, biography, hagiography, literature, myth, saga, theme, or tragedy. Learn about some of these kinds of prose writing  in detail by navigating through the following lines. Different Types Of Prose Writing Short Story A prose narrative limited to a certain word limit is defined as a short story. It generally includes descriptions, dialogues, and commentaries. However, one characteristic that distinguishes a short story from the other kinds of prose is the concentration on a compact narrative with detailed character drawing. In general, short stories are believed to have existed decades back, even before the art of writing was known to man. The oldest recorded example of a short story is considered to be the Egyptian tale of â€Å"The Two Brothers† dated around 3200 BC. Novel Similar to a short story, a novel includes uncertain information since it centers on different types and possibilities. However, the length of a novel is highly undecided due to the numerous characters and situations included in it. In short, a novel is a comprehensive narrative on a large scale, in particular. Just like short stories, novels, too, have known to exist ever since literature came into existence. Amongst all the prose kinds, the novel dominates the industry, both in terms of quality and quantity. However, considering its quantity, its only rival is the magazine short story. Prose is a form of language which applies ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow of speech rather than rhythmic structure (as in traditional poetry). While there are critical debates on the construction of prose, its simplicity and loosely defined structure has led to its adoption for the majority of spoken dialogue, factual discourse as well as topical and fictional writing. It is commonly used, for example, in literature, newspapers, magazines, encyclopedias, broadcasting, film, history, philosophy, law and many other forms of communication. A novella is a written, fictional, prose narrative normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel. The English word â€Å"novella† derives from the Italian word â€Å"novella†, feminine of â€Å"novello†, which means â€Å"new†. 1] The novella is a common literary genre in several European languages. A novella generally features fewer conflicts than a novel, yet more complicated ones than a short story. The conflicts also have more time to develop than in short stories. They have endings that are located at the brink of change. Unlike novels, they are usually not divided into chapters, and are often intended to be read at a single sitting, as the short story, although white space is often used to divide the sections. They maintain, therefore, a single effect How to cite The History of Semantics, Papers

Stress Essay Example For Students

Stress Essay The purpose of this paper is to define stress and how it effects the bodys physiological systems. This paper will include the normal functions and organs involved in the following five physiological systems, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, immune and musculoskeletal. This paper will also include a description of a chronic illness associated with each physiological system and how the illness is affected by stress. Stress means different things to different people and stress effects people in different ways. Some people think stress is something that happens to them such as an injury or a promotion and others think that stress is stress is what happens to our mind, body and behaviors in response to an event. While stress does involve events and how one responds to them these are not the critical factors, but our thoughts about the situation in which we are involved are the critical factors. Essentially, stress exists whenever homeostasis is disturbed or cannot be maintained (Stress and the Social System Course Guide, 1993). Homeostasis refers to the bodys ability to keep the internal chemical and physical environments constant. As your body begins to react to stress several changes occur. These changes include increased heart rate, blood pressure and secretion of stimulatory hormones. Ones body prepares itself in stressful situations to either stand ground and fight or to flee from the situatio n. Walter Cannon called this stressful reaction the fight-or-flight response (Greenberg, 1999). There are different ways in which one can experience stress and it is important to remember that stress is an essential part of life. Not all stressful situations are negative. Receiving a promotion at work, the birth of a child or taking a trip can all be stressful but are not threatening. The reason why one may see these situations as stressful is because they may feel unprepared to deal with them. To eliminate confusion and misuse of words Hans Selye gave names to the different types of stress one may experience, he described damaging or unpleasant experiences as distress and pleasurable or satisfying experiences are called eustress (Rice, 1999). The next part of this paper will consist of information describing the organs and the normal functions involved in five of the physiological systems in the human body. It will also include one illness associated with each system and how that i llness is affected by stress. They five physiological systems are:1. Cardiovascular SystemThe cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood and the blood vessels channel and deliver it throughout the body. The bloods work is done when it gives up what the cells need and takes away the waste products they do not need. Arteries carry blood filled with nutrients away from the heart to all parts of the body. Arteries are thick-walled tubes with a circular covering of elastic fiber, which contain muscle that absorbs pressure of a heart beat and slows blood down. The system works continuously through a network of veins and arteries to ensure that oxygenated blood, needed for all vital functions, is distributed to organs and muscles (The American Medical Womens Association Guide to Cardiovascular Health, 1997). Coronary heart disease is the major cause of cardiovascular disease, which is the number one cause of death in both men and women (The America n Medical Womens Association Guide to Cardiovascular Health, 1997).Coronary heart disease refers to the presence of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the tissue of the heart, including its musculature and nervous system (Stress and the Social System Course Guide, 1993). Atherosclerosis is a condition that causes blood supply to be limited, which causes a buildup in the lining of the arteries that, narrows their openings. Two cardiologists, Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman did studies that resulted in the identification of a Type A behavior pattern. Individuals with Type A behavior patterns are, aggressive, competitive, time-urgent, hostile and often found doing things quickly or multiple tasks at once. These are all behaviors that are related to stress. Type A behavior patterns were also disproportionately represented among heart attack patients. A review of the studies has verified that a relationship does exist between Type A stress related behaviors and coronary heart disease (Greenberg, 1999). The physiological mechanisms that appear to lead from chronic stress to coronary heart disease seem to be related to increased serum cholesterol, blood pressure, blood volume and accelerated heart rate. These problems interfere with the normal flow of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart and are related to the effects of emotional stress. Stressed individuals also tend to possess habits that multiply stress on the heart such as smoking cigarettes, overeating throughout the day and lack of participation in a regular exercise program. 2. Gastrointestinal SystemThe gastrointestinal system includes the liver, gall bladder, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. The gastrointestinal system enables the body to digest and absorb nutrients from food, and protects the body from incoming allergens, toxins and metabolic waste products. The gastrointestinal system is the largest immune-reactive system in the body. Functional problems within this system can effect every other organ and system in the body. Macbeth 13 EssayMusculoskeletal SystemThe musculoskeletal system consists of bones, joints, muscles, ligaments and tendons. The human skeleton is the basic foundation of our body structure. It provides ones framework for its shape and size it also provides a portion of the locomotive system. The skeleton, supported by the muscular system, bones and joints is how the body moves and bears weight. The skeletal system also protects ones vital organs such as the brain, the heart and the lungs. The health of bones in the musculoskeletal system is important and they are effected by the amount of stress placed on them. Good muscle tone is needed to stabilize joints. Bones and muscles lose their bulk when they are not used so it is important to exercise and keep active in order to keep your musculoskeletal system healthy (The Musculoskeletal System, 1999). A common problem associated with the musculoskeletal system is temporomandibular joint disorder. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a small joint located in front of the ear where the skull and lower jaw meet. This joint allows the lower jaw to move and function properly. TMJ disorder develops when the smooth operation of this joint is interfered with. Individuals with TMJ disorder may experience a variety of problems. They may complain of earaches, headaches and limited ability to open the mouth. Individuals may also hear grating sounds and feel pain when opening and closing the mouth (The TMJ, 1998). Diagnosing TMJ disorder can be complex and may require different diagnostic procedures. The TMJ disorder is commonly caused by stress.Many patients who complain of TMJ disorder symptoms may just have muscle and joint problems. However, stress often causes increased tension and spasm to occur in the head and lower neck resulting in TMJ syndrome. The reason for this is, tension from st ress can cause people to clench or grind their teeth at night and because it frequently happens while they are sleeping many times they are often unaware that they are doing it. As a result the TMJ is subjected to wear and becomes displaced. In addition TMJ disorder can also be caused by arthritis, and arthritis may also be the result of the body having to deal with too much stress (Course Guide Stress and the Social System, 1993). In conclusion, there is definitely a correlation between the way in which one perceives stressful situations and how serious an illness may become. How one perceives a stressful event and how one reacts to it determines the impact it may have on ones health. The events in an individuals life may be seen as motivating or invigorating, or they may be seen as stressful. When events our perceived as stressful it causes one to respond in a manner that may have negative effects on their physical, mental and social well being. Constant response to stress in a negative manner causes ones health and happiness to suffer. Any illness one may experience is always worsened by the changes a body goes through due to stress.It is very important to understand ones body and the responses it may have towards stress provoking situations. One can live a happier and healthier life by learning how to handle stress more effectively.It is not reasonable for one to think that they can lead a stress free life. However, it is possible to develop strategies to minimize and control the way we perceive stressful situations. After all external events are not stressful but how we perceive them is (Stress and the Social System Course Guide, 1993). BibliographyGreenberg, Jerold S. Comprehensive Stress Management, 6th ed., Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown 1999. Kitteredge, Mary. The Respiratory System, New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishing, 1989. Nourse, M. D. Your Immune System, New York, NY: Franklin Watts, 1989. Rice, Phillip L.Stress and Health, 3rd ed., New York, NY: Brooks/Cole, 1993. The American Medical Womens Association. Guide to Cardiovascular Health, New York, NY: Dell Publishing, 1997. University of Maryland University College. Course Guide-BEHS 463: Stress and the Social System, College Park, MD: International University Consortium, 1998. Weston, M. D. Know Your Body: The Atlas of Anatomy. Berkeley, CA: Marshall Cavendish Books Limited, 1985Internet SourcesBalta, D. M. D. (1998). The TMJ: How can Such a Small Joint Cause so Much Trouble?, Online. Available: http://www.drbalta.com/tmj.htm 2/12/00. Seattle Education Project. (1993, November). STEP: The Immune System An Overview, Online. Available: http://www.thebody.com/step/immune.html 2/12/00. Byard, Terry ; Favian. (1993). The Musculoskeletal System, Online. Available: http://www.nutritionhighway.com/skeletalsys.html 2/14/00. Words/ Pages : 2,679 / 24